Exam 3 memory

Question 1

What is memory

Answer 1

persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

Question 2

Why is memory important

Answer 2

crucial for survival . We need to recall what we learn.

Without memory, you would no longer have a sense of self

Question 3

How do we measure memory

Answer 3

Recall, recognition, and relearning

Question 4

recall

Answer 4

Retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time.

Question 5

recognition

Answer 5

Identifying items previously learned.

Question 6

relearning

Answer 6

Learning something more quickly when you encounter it a second or later time.

Question 7

What is a memory model and why are they useful?

Answer 7

Using something we know about as an analogy for how memory and cognition work.

they help us organize and communicate our theories.

Question 8

Information-processing model

Answer 8

memory functions like a computer

Question 9

Connectionism information-processing model

Answer 9

memory is the product of interconnected networks of information

Question 10

What is Atkinson & Shiffrin’s Three-Stage Information Processing Model of memory and how does it work?

Answer 10

Its when you see something it gets put into sensory memory and if youyr paying attention it goes to short term memory and if you encode it it becomes long term memory

Question 11

What are the three stages of Atkinson & Shiffrin’s Three-Stage Information Processing Model and three forms of memory

Answer 11

Sensory memory, short term memory, and long term meomoru

encode, store, and retrieve

Question 12

encode

Answer 12

putting information into memory

Question 13

store

Answer 13

retaining information over time.

Question 14

retrieve

Answer 14

get the information back out.

Question 15

sensory memory

Answer 15

very brief impressions of sensory information.

Question 16

working/short-term memories

Answer 16

short-lived, temporary memories

Question 17

long-term memory

Answer 17

long-term, unlimited storage.

Question 18

What is sensory memory, and what are characteristics of this type of memory?

Answer 18

This is a very brief recording of your sensory input.

It has a large capacity , but a very short duration.

Has :
Iconic memory: picture-image.
Echoic memory: sound.
Haptic memory: touch.

Question 19

What is short-term/working memory, and what are characteristics of this type of memory

Answer 19

It’s the small amount of information that you can actively hold in your mind for executing cognitive tasks

If someone tells you a phone number, this is where you actively rehearse the numbers until you can write it down.

Short term memory has a limited capacity that depends on what you’re trying to remember (± 2).
(7 numbers, 6 letters, 5 words)

Question 20

Chunking

Answer 20

Organization of items into familiar, manageable units ; often occurs automatically

Helps with remembering

Question 21

Mnemonics

Answer 21

Memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Helps with remembering

Question 22

Hierarchies

Answer 22

Organization of items into a few broad categories that are divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts

Helps with remembering

Question 23

What is the spacing effect

Answer 23

Encoding is more effective when it is spread over time .

Massed practice: Produces speedy short-term learning and feelings of confidence.

Distributed practice: Produces better long-term recall .

Question 24

Testing effect

Answer 24

Retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced effect.

Testing improves learning and memory .
Testing strengthes our memory from the harmful effects of stress.

Question 25

What is the self-reference effect, and how does it aid memory?

Answer 25

When you are more likly to remember information because you make it meaning ful or can relate it to yourself.

Question 26

What is meant by a dual-track memory?

Answer 26

You can remember something because of conscious focus or unconscious processing.

Question 27

What are characteristics of an explicit memory

Answer 27

declarative memories) of conscious facts and experiences encoded through conscious, effortful processing.

Question 28

How do semantic and episodic memories differ?

Answer 28

In explicit memory, the Semantic memories are the meories of facts knowledge and lanuage while Episodic memory is the memory of events

Question 29

What is memory consolidation?

Answer 29

The creation of semantic and episodic memories in the brain

Question 30

What are the characteristics of an implicit memory?

Answer 30

(nondeclarative memories) memory for skills and abilities that bypass the conscious encoding track.

include procedural, priming, classical conditioning

Question 31

Procedural memory:

Answer 31

how to perform tasks or skills.

Question 32

Priming

Answer 32

exposure to a stimulus that increases the quickness of a response.

Question 33

Classical conditioning:

Answer 33

simple learned associations

Question 34

What is a flashbulb memory, and what part of the brain is involved in creating one?

Answer 34

are highly detailed, vivid memories of an unusually important event or hearing news of such an event.

happenes if you have a strong emotional reaction during an event or learning about an event, your amygdala can kick into action

Question 35

How does the connectionism information-processing model characterize memory?

Answer 35

Memories are stored in vast webs of information

Memories are linked to ideas similar or associated with the memory.
Activating related information can activate the memory.

Question 36

priming

Answer 36

either seeing or hearing a concept which causes activation of related concepts in your memory.
Something in your environment may happen that will cue the memory (a location, a person, an associated smell).

Question 37

Context-dependent memory,

Answer 37

your memory improves when you retrieve memories in the same place you encoded them.

Question 38

State-dependent memory

Answer 38

A condition in which memory for a past event is improved when the person is in the same biological or psychological state as when the memory was initially formed .
(if anxious while studing you will remember better if axious for the test)

Question 39

serial position effect

Answer 39

Includes the primacy effect and the recency effect

Question 40

primacy effect

Answer 40

You’re more likely to remember the first items in a list.

These items have the most time to be encoded into long-term memory.

Question 41

Recency effect:

Answer 41

You’re more likely to remember the last items in a list.
These items are likely in short-term or working memory.
This effect will not occur if there’s a delay before attempted retrieval.

Question 42

Why is it good that we forget things?

Answer 42

Most of what we forget is useless information.
If we remembered everything, it easily overwhelm us.

Question 43

What is anterograde amnesia

Answer 43

When you can’t form new explicit memories

Question 44

what did H.M. teach us about the two types of memories?

Answer 44

Patients with anterograde amnesia can form new implicit memories

Question 45

What is encoding failures,

Answer 45

People often fail to create a long-term memory of an event.

Mostly due to if your paying attention

Question 46

storage decay

Answer 46

Your brain’s neural pathways that form memories (memory traces) simply degrade over time.

the initial loss of memories is rapid , but it levels out over time.

Question 47

proactive interference

Answer 47

Older memories make it more difficult to remember new information

Question 48

retroactive interference

Answer 48

New learning disrupts memory for older information.

Question 49

What is repression, and why is it unlikely that repressed memories exist?

Answer 49

When something bad happens and we force ourselves to forget it,

due to the release of stress hormones, traumatic events are much more likely to be remembered than forgotten

Question 50

reconsolidation

Answer 50

when you recall something, you’re constructing a memory that can be changed when it’s stored again.

Question 51

misinformation effect

Answer 51

post-event information can bias memory for an event.

Question 52

imagination effect

Answer 52

Repeatedly imagining fake actions and events can create false memories.

Question 53

source amnesia

Answer 53

it’s easy to forget where, when, or how we learned information.

Question 54

What causes Déjà vu?

Answer 54

Normally, we experience a feeling of familiarity (thanks to temporal lobe processing) before we consciously remember details (thanks to hippocampus and frontal lobe processing). When these functions (and brain regions) are out of sync, we may experience a feeling of familiarity without conscious recall.