Exam 2 learning

Question 1

What is learning?

Answer 1

A relatively permanent change in feelings, behavior, or knowledge that is the result of experience

Question 2

What is associative learning?

Answer 2

involves linking two events together to learn new behaviors

includes classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning

Question 3

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 3

form association between previously unrelated stimuli

you can learn by associating events together in time (ring of a bell with salivating for food).

Question 4

Classical conditioning: neutral stimulus (NS).

Answer 4

This doesnt generate any response.
This could be a sound, an image, smell, etc

Question 5

Classical Conditioning: Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 5

will produce an unconditioned response

sound, no response; as they learn more this will change

Question 6

Classical Conditioning: Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 6

The NS when it’s conditioned to produce the UR.

Question 7

Classical Conditioning: Conditioned response (CR):

Answer 7

The UR now that the CS produces it.

Question 8

How does classical conditioning work? Be sure you understand the process.

Answer 8

the process of presenting stimuli together in order to produce classical conditioning.

Presenting neutral stimulus to the subject
Then presenting the unconditioned stimulus.

Eventually, the subject will pair the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned response.

Question 9

What is extinction? Under what condition does this occur

Answer 9

the diminishing response over time of a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus

Occurs when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer present

Question 10

What is recovery? Under what condition does this occur

Answer 10

Reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
Demonstrates that the learning is still there.

Question 11

What is generalization?

Answer 11

tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.

Question 12

What is discrimination?

Answer 12

learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus (which predicts the unconditioned stimulus) and other irrelevant stimuli.

Question 13

Which did Little Albert experience?

Answer 13

Classical conditioning, learned to fear rats he preiously didnt fear

Question 14

What is taste aversion, and what makes it a unique form of classical conditioning?

Answer 14

It is when you get food posinoning from a food once and you now always feel ill around that

Unique because it only has to occur once

Question 15

What is systematic desensitization?

Answer 15

Way to treat phobias

attempting to associate calm with a conditioned stimulus that currently evokes fear.

Teach the client how to relax.
Expose them to increasing intensities of the feared stimulus (picture of spider vs. seeing a real spider vs. holding a real spider).
The fear response should gradually diminish.

Question 16

What is flooding?

Answer 16

Way to treat phobias

Immediately exposing clients to their fear and at the maximum level of exposure.

Question 17

How does flooding and systematic desentiation differ

Answer 17

Systematic desentization is a slow approch to fixing a fear while flooding is everything all at once

Question 18

How did B.F. Skinner influence the field of psychology?

Answer 18

Able to show operant conditioning through skinner boxes

Question 19

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 19

Type of learning in which one learns to associate a behavior with a outcome that is either desirable or undesirable

Question 20

What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect?

Answer 20

principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.

Question 21

What does Thorndike’s Puzzle Box show

Answer 21

Cats escaped a puzzle box more quickly if they were rewarded with food for doing so.

Question 22

Why are Skinner boxes useful?

Answer 22

Showed operant cnditioning

Question 23

Positive Reinforcemnet

Answer 23

Providing someone a desired stimulus or favorable situation in order to reward or increase a desired behavior.

Question 24

Negative Reinforcment

Answer 24

Removing an aversive stimulus or unpleasant situation to reward or increase a desired behavior.

Question 25

Positve punishment

Answer 25

Present an aversive stimulus or unpleasant situation to punish or reduce undesired behaviors.

(Aka you get more chores because you were bad)

Question 26

Negative Punishment

Answer 26

Removing a desired stimulus or situation to punish or reduce undesired behavior.

(Ex no dessert because you rbad)

Question 27

What are schedules of reinforcement?

Answer 27

How often or frequently you will reward a behavior in order to increase its frequency

Question 28

partial reinforcement schedule?

Answer 28

reinforce a behavior only part of the time.
Learning takes longer
Highly resistant to extinction

Question 29

Continous reinforcment schedule

Answer 29

reinforce every instance of a behavior.
Learning happens quickly.
Extinction also happens quickly.

Question 30

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 30

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Cause responses occur more quickly when the time for reinforcement arrives.

Question 31

Variable Interval Schedule

Answer 31

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.

Produces slow, steady responding.

Question 32

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Answer 32

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

High level of responding because more responses lead to more rewards, but there is a decline immediately after reinforcement.

(ex. punch cards)

Question 33

Variable Ratio Schedule

Answer 33

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredicatble number of responses.

High levels of responses because more responses lead to more rewards. Tends to be the most effective schedule.

Question 34

How common is operant conditioning in our everyday life?

Answer 34

Grades, bonus’s, whenever we get a reward, ect

Question 35

Why is it not a good idea to use physical punishment on children?

Answer 35

Because it only suppresses bad behavior and doesnt instruct the chikld on correct behavior

Question 36

How did Al Bandura influence the field of psychology?

Answer 36

Championed the importance of cognitive factors in learning and behavior.

Specifically clon study

Question 37

What is observational learning?

Answer 37

People can learn by watching a model’s behavior and rewards or punishments the model receives, also known as modeling.

Question 38

How is observational learning different than classical conditioning or operant conditioning?

Answer 38

You just watch other people be conditionde and this changes your view

Question 39

What’s required to experience observational learning? Who do we imitate?

Answer 39

Attention: observer must pay attention to model.
Retention: observer must retain what s/he observed.
Motor ability: observer must be capable of reproducing behavior.
Rewards: Any reinforcement or punishment model receives must also be relevant to the observer.

We imminate people we like, are similar to us or we consider attractive or powerful

Question 40

What happened in Bandura’s (1961) study on observational learning?

Answer 40

If the kids witnessed an aggressive adult, they were more likely to be aggressive with the doll compared to the kids who saw the nice adult.

Question 41

How can observational learning be used in interventions?

Answer 41

Role models: provide someone a role model to guide them to success.
Parenting: model good social behavior including conflict resolution.
Health interventions: use media models to encourage healthy behavior.

Question 42

How can it make the world a better place?

Answer 42

Modeling prosocial behavior prompts similar behavior in others

Question 43

How can it make the world a worse place?

Answer 43

Abusive parents may have aggressive children.
Watching TV and videos may teach children some unwanted lessons.