Exam 2 learning Flashcards
What is learning?
A relatively permanent change in feelings, behavior, or knowledge that is the result of experience
What is associative learning?
involves linking two events together to learn new behaviors
includes classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning
What is classical conditioning?
form association between previously unrelated stimuli
you can learn by associating events together in time (ring of a bell with salivating for food).
Classical conditioning: neutral stimulus (NS).
This doesnt generate any response.
This could be a sound, an image, smell, etc
Classical Conditioning: Unconditioned stimulus (US)
will produce an unconditioned response
sound, no response; as they learn more this will change
Classical Conditioning: Conditioned stimulus (CS)
The NS when it’s conditioned to produce the UR.
Classical Conditioning: Conditioned response (CR):
The UR now that the CS produces it.
How does classical conditioning work? Be sure you understand the process.
the process of presenting stimuli together in order to produce classical conditioning.
Presenting neutral stimulus to the subject
Then presenting the unconditioned stimulus.
Eventually, the subject will pair the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned response.
What is extinction? Under what condition does this occur
the diminishing response over time of a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus
Occurs when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer present
What is recovery? Under what condition does this occur
Reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
Demonstrates that the learning is still there.
What is generalization?
tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
What is discrimination?
learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus (which predicts the unconditioned stimulus) and other irrelevant stimuli.
Which did Little Albert experience?
Classical conditioning, learned to fear rats he preiously didnt fear
What is taste aversion, and what makes it a unique form of classical conditioning?
It is when you get food posinoning from a food once and you now always feel ill around that
Unique because it only has to occur once
What is systematic desensitization?
Way to treat phobias
attempting to associate calm with a conditioned stimulus that currently evokes fear.
Teach the client how to relax.
Expose them to increasing intensities of the feared stimulus (picture of spider vs. seeing a real spider vs. holding a real spider).
The fear response should gradually diminish.
What is flooding?
Way to treat phobias
Immediately exposing clients to their fear and at the maximum level of exposure.
How does flooding and systematic desentiation differ
Systematic desentization is a slow approch to fixing a fear while flooding is everything all at once
How did B.F. Skinner influence the field of psychology?
Able to show operant conditioning through skinner boxes
What is operant conditioning?
Type of learning in which one learns to associate a behavior with a outcome that is either desirable or undesirable
What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect?
principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
What does Thorndike’s Puzzle Box show
Cats escaped a puzzle box more quickly if they were rewarded with food for doing so.
Why are Skinner boxes useful?
Showed operant cnditioning
Positive Reinforcemnet
Providing someone a desired stimulus or favorable situation in order to reward or increase a desired behavior.
Negative Reinforcment
Removing an aversive stimulus or unpleasant situation to reward or increase a desired behavior.
Positve punishment
Present an aversive stimulus or unpleasant situation to punish or reduce undesired behaviors.
(Aka you get more chores because you were bad)
Negative Punishment
Removing a desired stimulus or situation to punish or reduce undesired behavior.
(Ex no dessert because you rbad)
What are schedules of reinforcement?
How often or frequently you will reward a behavior in order to increase its frequency
partial reinforcement schedule?
reinforce a behavior only part of the time.
Learning takes longer
Highly resistant to extinction
Continous reinforcment schedule
reinforce every instance of a behavior.
Learning happens quickly.
Extinction also happens quickly.
Fixed interval schedule
A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Cause responses occur more quickly when the time for reinforcement arrives.
Variable Interval Schedule
A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
Produces slow, steady responding.
Fixed Ratio Schedule
A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
High level of responding because more responses lead to more rewards, but there is a decline immediately after reinforcement.
(ex. punch cards)
Variable Ratio Schedule
A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredicatble number of responses.
High levels of responses because more responses lead to more rewards. Tends to be the most effective schedule.
How common is operant conditioning in our everyday life?
Grades, bonus’s, whenever we get a reward, ect
Why is it not a good idea to use physical punishment on children?
Because it only suppresses bad behavior and doesnt instruct the chikld on correct behavior
How did Al Bandura influence the field of psychology?
Championed the importance of cognitive factors in learning and behavior.
Specifically clon study
What is observational learning?
People can learn by watching a model’s behavior and rewards or punishments the model receives, also known as modeling.
How is observational learning different than classical conditioning or operant conditioning?
You just watch other people be conditionde and this changes your view
What’s required to experience observational learning? Who do we imitate?
Attention: observer must pay attention to model.
Retention: observer must retain what s/he observed.
Motor ability: observer must be capable of reproducing behavior.
Rewards: Any reinforcement or punishment model receives must also be relevant to the observer.
We imminate people we like, are similar to us or we consider attractive or powerful
What happened in Bandura’s (1961) study on observational learning?
If the kids witnessed an aggressive adult, they were more likely to be aggressive with the doll compared to the kids who saw the nice adult.
How can observational learning be used in interventions?
Role models: provide someone a role model to guide them to success.
Parenting: model good social behavior including conflict resolution.
Health interventions: use media models to encourage healthy behavior.
How can it make the world a better place?
Modeling prosocial behavior prompts similar behavior in others
How can it make the world a worse place?
Abusive parents may have aggressive children.
Watching TV and videos may teach children some unwanted lessons.
