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KNES 213 (Research) > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Attestation

A

evidence or proof of something

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2
Q

Testimony

A

form of knowledge translation when the speaker speaks from a verifiable field of expertise

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3
Q

Which variable is the most difficult to control?

A

independent

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4
Q

What are some attributes of a “good” study?

A

well controlled independent variable, replicates real life well, enough participants for strong evidence, rational mechanism (makes sense), avoid bias (funding)

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5
Q

Why is research questioned by the general public?

A

Assume uncertainty means they don’t know anything, AI and disinformation, loss of faith in mainstream media, click bate news

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6
Q

What is an admirable attribute of a good researcher?

A

“enlightened ruler is heedful, and the good general full of caution” (knows what they don’t know, and observes caution)

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7
Q

What factors contribute to the quality/value of a study?

A

-Who (subjects/comparison group)
-What (variables being controlled/measures)
-Where (setting, natural/structured)
-How (methodology)
-interpretation of results

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8
Q

What is the benefit of leisure?

A

Allowed societies to wonder, specialize, and develop

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9
Q

Where did the first written language originate?

A

Sumer (Mesopotamia) about 5500 years ago

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10
Q

Def: ethnophilosophical approach

A

-ideas are passed through oral tradition, stories, cultural practices, rituals (unfair/unjust to consider these ideas less developed or less robust)

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11
Q

Who is an example of the ethnophilosophical approach (non-indigenous)?

A

Socrates, his student Plato wrote everything

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12
Q

Def: the Scientific Method

A

formal process of testing an idea to determine the merit of the idea (Aristotle)

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13
Q

What were some key inventions that facilitated the scientific revolution of the “Enlightenment”?

A

Telescope, microscope, printing press

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14
Q

Rene Descartes

A

-some of the things I used to believe, turned out to be false
-Cartesian Skepticism (epistemological questions- knowledge)
-ontological questioning (reality)
-“I think, therefore I exist”
-apple barrel
-rationalism

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15
Q

Can you know something to be true by reading it, learning it from someone else?

A

No:
1) person teaching could be wrong in understanding/interpretation
2) could be deceiving you for personal gain

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16
Q

Rationalism

A

-ideas are the most real thing in the world (immaterial)
-opinions should be based on reason not emotional response

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17
Q

How would Rene Descartes/Plato view mathematics?

A

As a construct and abstract, not physically real

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18
Q

Which philosopher is an empiricist?

A

Jon Locke

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19
Q

Empiricism

A

You could only know reality through your physical experience of the world (idea of primary and secondary qualities)

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20
Q

Primary qualities (empiricism)

A

foundational- things that are contained in the object (weight, mass, density)

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21
Q

Secondary qualities (empiricism)

A

ephemeral- not objectively real (color, taste, texture, smell)

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22
Q

What philosopher is an advocate of immaterialism?

A

George Berkley

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23
Q

Immaterialism

A

-primary and secondary qualities are always mixed
-material things have no reality except as mental perceptions
-perception is the only truth

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24
Q

Which philosophy contributed to the creation of qualitative science?

A

Immaterialism (perception is truth, material things are mentally constructed)

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25
Q

Esse Est Percepi

A

To be is to be perceived!

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26
Q

Which philosophy explains Schrodinger’s cat?

A

Immaterialism (emphasis on perception as reality)

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27
Q

What 3 characteristics explain knowledge?

A

1) justified (evidence)
2) true (objectively- realist, perceptually- constructionist)
3) belief (consider to be true)

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28
Q

Appeal to authority

A

belief in something based on the authority of the person (without adequate supporting facts)

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29
Q

What contributes to appeal to authority

A

Fame, power, status, or other attributes (give them supposed “credibility” to give advice outside their domain of competence)

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30
Q

What would be an example of appeal to authority?

A

-listening to a physically fit person on health advice
-disregarding an educated but overweight expert in nutrition

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31
Q

EX: appeal to authority in history

A

Thalidomide scandal: treatment for morning sickness (1950) caused birth defects

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32
Q

EX: appeal to authority (Copernicus)

A

Earth centered model to heliocentric (sun centered) model

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33
Q

Ad Hominem (logical fallacy)

A

Attacking the person instead of the argument

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34
Q

Straw Man (logical fallacy)

A

Misrepresenting someone’s argument to make easier to attack

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35
Q

Slippery Slope (logical fallacy)

A

Arguing that a specific action will lead to an undesirable outcome

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36
Q

False Dichotomy (logical fallacy)

A

Presenting only two options when more exist

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37
Q

Bandwagon Fallacy (logical fallacy)

A

Believing something is true because many others do

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38
Q

Modern Impact (logical fallacy)

A

influencer culture and social media (modern twist on appeal to authority)

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39
Q

Axiom

A

-truth developed on rigorous testing and logical reasoning
-universally accepted
-building blocks (fundamental)

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40
Q

Assumption

A

-accepted as true without concrete evidence
-may simplify complex problems
-starting point for further analysis
-validity may be questioned

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41
Q

Three subsets of science

A

1) natural (physics, chemistry, geology, biology)
2) social (human society, relationships, economics)
3) formal sciences (logic, mathematics, statistics)

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42
Q

Falsifiable

A

the ability/capacity to prove something wrong

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43
Q

Why must research be falsifiable?

A

conclusions cannot be drawn from simple observation of a particular phenomenon

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44
Q

Hypothesis testing

A

proposed based on existing knowledge (results either support/refute)

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45
Q

Why are replication and verification necessary?

A

they verify the reliability and validity of findings (may detect bias, false positives, potential errors)

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46
Q

What is the purpose of peer review?

A

other experts critically evaluate to lead to improvements BEFORE it is disseminated to the broader scientific community

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47
Q

Paradigm shifts

A

leads to significant shifts in our understanding of a subject (new theory better explains evidence than existing dominant paradigm)

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48
Q

How have technological advancements contributed to advancement in research?

A

New tools provide previously unknown info and more accurate measurement

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49
Q

Heuristic

A

mental shortcut that allow for faster processing of ideas and decisions

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50
Q

About how many of your ideas are correct?

A

10%

51
Q

Of your correct ideas how many are false negative?

A

20%

52
Q

Ontology

A

studying the nature of being, existence and reality

53
Q

What are two ontological perspectives?

A

positivism and constructivism

54
Q

positivism (ontological)

A

objective reality exists separate from our perceptions and interpretations

55
Q

constructivism (ontological)

A

reality is socially constructed and our understanding is shaped by our experiences

56
Q

Epistemology

A

study of nature, sources, and limits of knowledge

57
Q

What are two epistemological perspectives?

A

positivism and interpretivism

58
Q

Positivism (epistemological)

A

knowledge can be acquired through direct observation and empirical methods (objective, verifiable facts can be discovered)

59
Q

interpretivism (epistemological)

A

knowledge is context-dependent (understanding meaning/significance requires interpreting experiences)

60
Q

Theory

A

explanation of observed patterns or supposition about a relationship among phenomena

61
Q

Are models a correct representation?

A

“All models are wrong, but some can be useful”

62
Q

Model

A

simplified representation of a system or phenomenon

63
Q

Why have models?

A

help understand complex phenomena, generate hypotheses, design studies, teach, interpret results

64
Q

How are models evaluated?

A

usefulness, accuracy, simplicity

65
Q

Qualitative research

A

-measuring non-numeric variables (values, feelings, emotions, reactions)
-data collection done in “natural setting”

66
Q

Quantitative research

A

-measurable, countable variables
-hypothesis based
-test theories

67
Q

Mixed methods research

A

combine quantitative and qualitative research

68
Q

Two eyed seeing

A

combines strength of “western” knowledge and indigenous knowledge

69
Q

What 4 research themes are present in KNES?

A

1) movement science and musculoskeletal health
2) injury prevention, sport medicine, and rehabilitation
3) exercise physiology and nutrition in health and sport
4) psychosocial aspects of health and sport

70
Q

Worldview

A

-set of beliefs, values, and assumptions about the nature of reality, knowledge, and human existence
-shapes the way an individual perceives the world

71
Q

Positivism

A

-knowledge can be acquired through empirical observation and objective scientific methods

72
Q

Aspects of positivism (4)

A

1) empiricism- direct observation and experience, measurable facts
2) objectivity- detached and neutral researchers (avoid bias)
3) determinism (phenomena governed by causal relationships and predictable patterns)
4) quantitative methods

73
Q

Interpretivism

A

-interpretive/constructivist/hermeneutic approach
-subjective experiences, meanings, and interpretations of individuals/groups
-flexible more case-sensitive

74
Q

Key aspects of interpretivism (4)

A

1) subjectivity- experiences, perspectives, cultural context
2) context- studied within historical/social/cultural setting
3) qualitative methods- interviews, observations
4) inductive reasoning- allows for the emergence of new insights

75
Q

Which philosopher embodies positivism?

A

Auguste Comte

76
Q

Which philosophers embody interpretivism?

A

-Max Weber
-Wilhelm Dilthey
-Edmund Husserl
-Clifford Geertz

77
Q

pragmatism

A

emphasizes practical consequences, actions, and problem solving in the pursuit of knowledge (rather than abstract principles)

78
Q

How do pragmatists understand the world?

A

reality is constructed through a process of inquiry and interaction with the world (rather than predetermined or fixed)

79
Q

Key aspects of pragmatism (4)

A

1) practicality
2) flexibility- embrace diverse methods and approaches
3) experiential learning- learn through experience, experimentation, and adaptation
4) pluralism- acknowledges multiple perspectives

80
Q

Which philosophers embody pragmatism?

A

-Charles Sanders Peirce
-William James
-John Dewey
-George Herbert Mead

81
Q

Key aspects of two-eyed seeing perspective

A

1) recognizing and valuing indigenous ways of knowing
2) encouraging collaboration
3) ensuring research is culturally appropriate
4) integrating indigenous and western scientific perspectives

82
Q

Three components of research design are…

A

philosophical worldview > research approach > research methods

83
Q

Which studies struggle with falsifiability?

A

Descriptive and qualitative studies (instead attempt to describe the world as we encounter/perceive it)

84
Q

critical thinking

A

active and systematic attempt to understand and evaluate arguments and questions

85
Q

Do you have the freedom to think about anything?

A

No, limited by your experience, education, imagination, environment, community

86
Q

reasoning

A

cognitive process of forming conclusions, judgements, or inferences based on available information

87
Q

Why is reasoning necessary?

A

essential for generating and evaluating hypotheses, designing experiments, and interpreting results

88
Q

deductive reasoning

A

-starts with one or more general premises and derives specific conclusions
-conclusions are valid if the premises are true

89
Q

inductive reasoning

A

-starts with specific observations and draws general conclusions
-identifies patterns, trends, or relationships and make inferences about the population

90
Q

will you generate new knowledge with deductive reasoning?

A

no

91
Q

what is deductive reasoning useful for?

A

testing hypotheses

92
Q

what is inductive reasoning useful for?

A

generating hypotheses

93
Q

what is a limitation of deductive reasoning?

A

dependent on the accuracy and completeness of premises

94
Q

what is a limitation of inductive reasoning?

A

subject to the risk of making false generalizations

95
Q

abductive reasoning

A

-forms a hypothesis based on incomplete or limited info
-seeks to find the most plausible explanation

96
Q

analogical reasoning

A

-drawing comparisons between similar situations, processes, or concepts to make predictions/estimations
-applying existing knowledge to new contexts

97
Q

bayesian reasoning

A

-probabilistic approach to reasoning
-allows for inferences/predications to be made under conditions of uncertainty/incomplete info

98
Q

Inductive thought process

A

1) general observation
2) developed theory
3) test theory

99
Q

deductive thought process

A

1) establish rule
2) define constraints
3) develop a solution based on properties
4) test

100
Q

Who is Geoffrey Hinton?

A

god-father of AI… believe it is trained on inconsistent data (worldviews inputted affect)

101
Q

What are 5 characteristics of good quantitative research?

A

1) systematic (plan, design, evaluate)
2) logical (based on sound reasoning)
3) empirical (decisions based on data)
4) reductive (general relationships are established from data)
5) replicable (actions are accurately reported)

102
Q

tenacity

A

people cling to the beliefs they have thought to be true

103
Q

authority

A

believing what people in authority tell you

104
Q

serendipity

A

accidental findings

105
Q

intuition

A

common sense (developed through experience)

106
Q

rationalistic method

A

deriving knowledge through reasoning

107
Q

empirical method

A

systematic, controlled investigation, evidence based data collection

108
Q

Who coined the term “serendipity”

A

Horace Walpole

109
Q

Who was messing around with cathode ray tubes and discovered x-rays

A

Wilhelm Rontgen

110
Q

Who was influential in the discovery of CRISPR

A

Jennifer Doudna

111
Q

Steps to conducting research

A

1) outline- research topic
2) articulate
3) conduct literature search
4) define research question
5) establish testable hypothesis
6) identify testing strategies
7) design study

112
Q

strategies of quantitative research

A

-identify the important study variables (independent, dependent, controlled)
-identify the participants targeted for the study

113
Q

strategies of qualitative research

A

-recognize the philosophical worldview and research approach
-identify the research site where the study is being conducted

114
Q

strategies for mixed methods research statement

A

-philosophical worldview
-identify the research site
-identify the important study variables
-identify the participants targeted for the study
-identify and describe the central phenomena
identify the theoretical framework (or model) that is guiding study

115
Q

Why is APA style so valuable to use?

A

Includes the names of authors within text

116
Q

qualities of title

A

-max 12 words
-includes variables studied

117
Q

qualities listed under author name

A

-institution name
-course # and section
-date

118
Q

What is wrong with this format of author:
Holash, Robert John, PhD.

A

-First M. Last, First Last, and First last
-no titles (Dr.)

119
Q

What should a proper citation contain?

A

author and date

120
Q

what does a direct quotation contain?

A

author, year, and page #

121
Q

symbol for direct quote

A

“hi”

122
Q

symbol for indirect quote

A

‘paraphrased’

123
Q
A

KNES 213 (Research) (11 decks)

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