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KNES 213 (Research) > Final - Research Methods and Design > Flashcards

Final - Research Methods and Design Flashcards

1
Q

Correlation

A

-quantifies the strength of a relationship btwn two variables
-does not establish a cause-and-effect relationship

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2
Q

Reliability

A

-consistency of a measure
-will produce similar results across multiple trials or observers
-not necessarily the “true” value

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3
Q

Validity

A

-accuracy of measurement
-whether a study is truly measuring what they claim

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4
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

-assess consistency of scores over time

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5
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

-measures the degree of agreement between different raters/observers

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6
Q

Intra-rater reliability

A

-assesses the consistency of ratings (by the same rater) across multiple trials or occasions

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7
Q

Construct (concept) validity

A

-assess whether a measure accurately represents the underlying construct/concept it is intended to measure

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8
Q

Internal validity

A

-extent to which a study can establish cause-effect relationships
-ability to minimize the influence of confounding variables

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9
Q

External validity

A

-extent to which findings can be generalized to other populations or settings

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10
Q

Observational studies

A

-researchers observe and collect data
-no data manipulation (of any variables)

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11
Q

Which studies are considered observational?

A

-cross sectional
-longitudinal
-stratified longitudinal

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12
Q

Experimental studies

A

-researchers manipulate an independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable

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13
Q

Which studies are considered experimental?

A

-randomized controlled trials (RCT’s)
-quasi experimental
-pre experimental

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14
Q

Cross-sectional studies

A

OBSERVATIONAL:
-data is collected at a single point in time

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15
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

OBSERVATIONAL:
-data is collected over an extended period of time

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16
Q

Stratified longitudinal studies

A

OBSERVATIONAL:
-participants are divided into subgroups (strata) based on shared characteristics
-data is collected over time

17
Q

Randomized controlled trails (RCTs)

A

EXPERIMENTAL:
-participants are randomly assigned to either an experimental group (receives the intervention) or control group

18
Q

Quasi-experimental

A

EXPERIMENTAL:
-similar to RCTs
-without random assignment of participants

19
Q

Pre-experimental

A

EXPERIMENTAL:
-lack a control group
-may have other limitations that weaken the strength of evidence

20
Q

Qualitative research approach

A

-aim to understand experiences, perspectives, and meanings
-less emphasis on numerical data

21
Q

Types of qualitative research

A

-case studies
-ethnographies
-phenomenological studies

22
Q

Case studies

A

QUALITATIVE:
-in depth examination of a particular individual, group, or situation

23
Q

Ethnographies

A

QUALITATIVE:
-focus on understanding cultures or cultural groups

24
Q

Phenomenological studies

A

QUALITATIVE:
-explore the lived experiences of individuals related to a particular phenomenon

25
Q

Why is it important to analyze sampling methods?

A

Essential for evaluating the generalizability of research findings

26
Q

Target population

A

-entire group of individuals to which the study wants to generalize the results

27
Q

Accessible population

A

-portion of the target population that is accessible to the researcher

28
Q

Sampling bias

A

-when the sample chosen for the study is not representative of the target population
-can lead to inaccurate conclusions

29
Q

What is hypothesis testing?

A

-the process of evaluating evidence to determine whether to reject or (fail to) reject a null hypothesis

30
Q

Null hypothesis

A

H0: there is no significant difference or relationship between variables

31
Q

Alternate hypothesis

A

Ha: there is a significant difference or relationship between variables

32
Q

Type 1 error

A

Rejecting a true null hypothesis (false positive)

33
Q

Type 2 error

A

Failing to reject a false null hypothesis (false negative)

34
Q

P-value

A

-probability of obtaining the observed results (or more extreme results) if the null hypothesis is true

35
Q

What happens if a p-value is below the predetermined threshold (0.5)?

A

Typically leads to the rejection of the null hypothesis

36
Q

How is quantitative data analyzed?

A

-using statistical methods to analyze numerical data
-goal: to present findings clearly and concisely using tables, graphs, and figures

37
Q

How is quantitative data analyzed?

A

-interpreting non-numerical data (text, images, audio recordings)
-coding: researchers assign labels to categorize and group data

KNES 213 (Research) (17 decks)

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