modified diets Flashcards
what is coeliac disease
is an autoimmune condition that causes the immune system to mistake gluten as a threat to the body. this causes the body’s defence system to form antibodies that attack the villi on the internal surface of the small intestine causing them to flatten. damage to the villi disrupts the body’s ability to absorb nutrients from food leading to malnourishment
what are the symptoms of coeliac disease
-diarrhoea
-weight loss
-tiredness and fatigue due to anaemia
-nausea and vomiting
-bloating and abdominal pain
what are the dietary guidelines for a person with coeliac disease
-exclude all foods containing gluten (wheat, barley and rye)
-use a range of gluten-free products, e.g. gluten-free bread to maintain a balanced diet
-include naturally gluten-free foods, e.g. rice and corn
-follow dieticians recommendations to ensure a balanced diet
-read ingredient lists on food labels carefully, especially on processed food to avoid traces of gluten. check to see if foods carry the gluten-free symbol
what are unsuitable foods for a person with coeliac disease
-bread
-cakes
-pasta
-soups
what are suitable natural gluten-free foods for a person with coeliac disease
-vegetables
-fruit
-rice
-meat
what is vegetarian
a vegetarian is a person who lives primarily on a plant-based diet
what is a lacto-vegetarian
-include milk and dairy products
-don’t include eggs, meat or fish
what is a lacto-ovo vegetarian
-include milk, dairy products and eggs
-do not include meat or fish
what is a pesco-vegetarian
-include milk, dairy products, eggs and fish
-do not include meat
what is a pollo-vegetarian
-include milk, dairy products, eggs and poultry
-do not include red meat or fish
what is a vegan
-include plant-based foods only
-do not include milk, dairy products, eggs, meat or fish
what are the reasons for choosing a vegetarian diet
-religion/culture: some religions, e.g. Buddhism follow a vegetarian diet as they believe killing animals is wrong
-health: some people choose a vegetarian diet, as it is lower in saturated fat and higher in dietary fibre which is beneficial for reducing the risk of CHD, obesity and bowel disorders
-economic: vegetarianism is cheaper, as meat and fish are excluded from the diet
-sensory factors: some people choose a vegetarian diet as they do not like the smell, appearance, taste and texture of meat and fish
-ethics: some people choose a vegetarian diet as they feel it is wrong to kill or harm animals or may disagree with intensive animal rearing
what are the dietary guidelines for a person following a vegetarian diet
-ensure each meal is nutritionally balanced
-include cheese, milk, and yoghurt in dishes for vegetarians to increase calcium and HBV protein intake
-use fortified products, e.g. milk to increase B12 and calcium consumption
-for vegans, include dairy food alternatives, e.g. soya milk to ensure adequate calcium and vitamin D intake
-exclude animal fats, e.g. butter and replace with vegetable oils, e.g. olive oil
-use vegetable stock cubes in soups and sauces instead of chicken, fish or beef
what are the advantages of a vegetarian diet
-reduces the incidence of bowel disorders due to higher fibre intake
-reduces the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes due to reduced saturated fat intake
-more vitamins and minerals are consumed due to a higher consumption of fresh produce, e.g. fruit and vegetables
-less sugar and salt are consumed due to reduced reliance on processed food, reducing the risk of high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes
what are the nutrients to consider in a vegetarian diet
-protein: include soya beans or soya products as they contain HBV protein, include meat alternatives, e.g. tofu, and combine two or more LBV protein foods to create complete proteins
-iron: include non-haem sources of iron such as cereals and pulses, include fortified products, e.g. soya milk, include foods rich in vitamin C, e.g. oranges to enhance iron absorption
-vitamin B12: include fortified products to prevent deficiency, include eggs and dairy products in vegetarian diets and supplements may also be required
-vitamin D: include dairy products and eggs, include fortified foods and supplements may also be required
-zinc: include eggs and dairy products and include legumes, leafy green vegetables, wholegrain bread and seeds in vegan and vegetarian diets
-calcium: include dairy products and include leafy green vegetables, seeds and nuts in vegan and vegetarian diets
