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modern genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic unit of protein synthesis?

A

Amino acid

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2
Q

True or False: DNA is a double-stranded molecule.

A

True

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3
Q

What process involves copying DNA to produce mRNA?

A

Transcription

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: The structure of DNA is often described as a __________.

A

Double helix

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5
Q

What enzyme is responsible for DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase

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6
Q

What are the four nucleotide bases in DNA?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

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7
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of mutation? A) Substitution B) Insertion C) Deletion D) Duplication E) Translation

A

E) Translation

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8
Q

What is the main purpose of biotechnology?

A

To manipulate living organisms or their components for useful purposes.

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9
Q

True or False: The lac operon is involved in the metabolism of lactose in bacteria.

A

True

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10
Q

What role does RNA play in protein synthesis?

A

RNA acts as a template for assembling amino acids into proteins.

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11
Q

What type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome?

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the __________ of a protein.

A

Sequence of amino acids

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13
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a component of DNA? A) Ribose B) Deoxyribose C) Glucose D) Fructose

A

B) Deoxyribose

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14
Q

What is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A

To convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.

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15
Q

True or False: Mutations can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.

A

True

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16
Q

What are the three main steps of protein synthesis?

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein.

A

Gene

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18
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following processes occurs in the nucleus? A) Translation B) Transcription C) Replication D) Both B and C

A

D) Both B and C

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19
Q

What is the role of the ribosome in protein synthesis?

A

To facilitate the assembly of amino acids into proteins.

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20
Q

True or False: The lac operon is an example of negative regulation.

A

True

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21
Q

What are the products of DNA replication?

A

Two identical DNA molecules

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: A __________ is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

A

Mutation

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23
Q

Multiple Choice: Which type of mutation involves the replacement of one base pair? A) Insertion B) Deletion C) Substitution D) Duplication

A

C) Substitution

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24
Q

What is the significance of the promoter region in a gene?

A

It is the site where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.

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25
Q

True or False: All mutations lead to changes in protein function.

A

False

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26
Q

What is the function of the operator in the lac operon?

A

To regulate the transcription of genes involved in lactose metabolism.

27
Q

Fill in the blank: In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the __________.

28
Q

What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?

A

To unwind the DNA double helix.

29
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins? A) Enzymatic activity B) Structural support C) Genetic information storage D) Transport

A

C) Genetic information storage

30
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence of a protein.

31
Q

True or False: The genetic code is universal among all living organisms.

32
Q

What is the first step of transcription?

A

Binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter.

33
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ strand of DNA is used as a template during transcription.

34
Q

Multiple Choice: Which type of RNA is involved in the formation of ribosomes? A) mRNA B) tRNA C) rRNA D) all of the above

35
Q

What is the role of the terminator in transcription?

A

To signal the end of transcription.

36
Q

True or False: The genetic code consists of codons that are three nucleotides long.

37
Q

What is the purpose of genetic engineering in biotechnology?

A

To modify the genetic makeup of organisms for specific traits.

38
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ is the part of the DNA molecule that determines the characteristics of an organism.

39
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following mutations can lead to a frameshift? A) Substitution B) Insertion C) Deletion D) Both B and C

A

D) Both B and C

40
Q

What is the role of the sigma factor in prokaryotic transcription?

A

To assist RNA polymerase in recognizing the promoter.

41
Q

True or False: The process of translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

42
Q

What is the main difference between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA contains ribose sugar.

43
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ is the region on a chromosome where the centromere is located.

A

Centromere

44
Q

Multiple Choice: What type of mutation results in a premature stop codon? A) Silent B) Missense C) Nonsense D) Frameshift

A

C) Nonsense

45
Q

What is the function of the lacZ gene in the lac operon?

A

To code for beta-galactosidase, which breaks down lactose.

46
Q

True or False: Eukaryotic genes often contain introns that are spliced out during mRNA processing.

47
Q

What is the role of spliceosomes in gene expression?

A

To remove introns from pre-mRNA.

48
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ is the part of the operon that binds the repressor protein.

49
Q

Multiple Choice: What is the outcome of a deletion mutation? A) Extra bases are added B) One or more bases are removed C) A single base is changed D) All of the above

A

B) One or more bases are removed

50
Q

What is the significance of the 5’ cap and poly-A tail in mRNA?

A

They protect mRNA and assist in its export from the nucleus.

51
Q

True or False: The process of DNA replication is semi-conservative.

52
Q

What is the role of the promoter in gene expression?

A

It initiates the transcription of a gene.

53
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ is a regulatory sequence that enhances transcription.

54
Q

Multiple Choice: Which molecule carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome? A) tRNA B) rRNA C) mRNA D) DNA

55
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

A mutation caused by insertions or deletions that shift the reading frame.

56
Q

True or False: Genetic mutations can occur spontaneously or be induced by environmental factors.

57
Q

What is the role of the repressor in the lac operon?

A

To inhibit transcription of the operon’s genes when lactose is absent.

58
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ is the sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein.

A

Coding region

59
Q

Multiple Choice: What is the primary function of the tRNA molecule? A) To carry genetic information B) To assemble ribosomes C) To transfer amino acids to ribosomes D) To edit mRNA

A

C) To transfer amino acids to ribosomes

60
Q

What is the role of the 3’ untranslated region (UTR) in mRNA?

A

To regulate the stability and translation of mRNA.

61
Q

True or False: The lac operon is only found in eukaryotic cells.

62
Q

what does DNA ligase do

A

connects the fragments of the lagging strand

Bio chem (13 decks)

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