hard questions Flashcards
what does DNA ligase do
connects okasaki fragments in the lagging DNA strand
what does DNA polymerase do
adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand
helicase
enzyme breaks down the double helix in DNA replication by breaking down the hydrogen bonds
DNA primase
start enzyme for replication
Wich way does DNA build
from 5-3
what are nucleotides
building blocks of protien
what is transcription
when DNA gets converted by RNA polymerase to mRNA so it can leave the nucleus
what happens when dna is converted to mRNA
the base Thymine gets replaced with Uracil
what nitrogenous bases go together
Thymine/ Uracil - adenine
guanine - cytosine
what is located on the outside of dna and what is there charge
nucleotides, negative
what are nucleotides made of
phosphate group, nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar molecule either (deoxyribose or ribose)
what does RNA do
RNA is located in cytoplasm in ribosomes and attaches to mRNA and lines up the codons and amino acids
what Carry’s amino acids to the ribosome
trna
what is lac operon
a gene that is required for the transport or metabolism of lactose in bacteria.
what is semiconservitave mean in DNA replication
when DNA is being replicated two new stands are formed, one identicle (parental) and one newly synthezied this creates a new semiconservitive DNA because its only semi identivle
what’s the universal start codon
Aug
what’s the difference between chromosomal mutations and genetic mutations
gene mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of a gene that result in change of the phenotypes, chromosomal mutations are physical changes in the structure or number of chromosones
what is the deletion chromosomal mutation
a part of chromosomes is missing
what is the duplication chromosomal mutation
when a part of the chromosome is copied
what is the inversion chromosomal mutation
when a part of a chromosome is fllipped
what is translocation mutation
when a part of a chromosome breaks of and attaches to another chromsome
what is nondisjunction mutation
when a chromosome fails to separate properly during cell division resulting in to many or to feew chromosome
what are frameshift mutations
when there’s an extra nucleic base in a genetic mRNA code resulting in the emino acids being produced being affected
what are mutagens
bad things like chemicals and radioation that cause base pair changes
carcinogens
chemical that cause cancer
what is recombinant dna
DNA that contains genes from 2 or more sources
who was Thomas hunt morgan
he was first to assosciate genes with chromosomes
who was fredrick grifith
studied phneumia in rats and how there’s different strands of DNA
who was chargaff
proposed chargaffs rules Wich where that the bases TA go together and CG go togethr
Watson and crick
proved the double helix shape
what are purines
notrogen bases with two organic rings AG
what are prymidines
nitrogen bases with one organic ring CT
what are the bases
TAGC
why do we use genetic ingeneering
to control genes and change them and for environmental and educational purpouses
what theory does lac operon prove
how the environment and nature ur exposed to can affect ur genes. because without lactose the enzyme isn’t present therefore it stops the function of certain genes
what bonds are located within DNA
hydrogen bonds
what bonds are located in nucleiotides
covalent bonds
what is the leading strand in dna
the strand that builds from 5 to 3 and is continuos
what’s the lagging strand in dna
the starnd that builds from 3 to 5 and is fragments
what is PCR (polymerase chai reaction)
a technique used to make copies of specific DNA. when DNA is heated and cooled to separate it and then bonded with primers and DNA polymerase to synthesize new replicated DNA.
what are restriction enzymes
the enzymes that cut DNA into fragments
what are the three ways DNA can transfer in bacteria
conjunction, transduction, and conjugation
what does transduction do
when bacterial DNA is transfered to another bacteria by a virus
what does transformation do
bacteria take up free Dna from there enviroment
what does conjugation do
DNA is directly transferred from one bacteria to another through a physical connection
what do cancer cells have
lack diffrenciation
form tumors
abnormal nuclei
during transcription what does Thymine turn into
Uracil
what are transgenic organisms
organisms that have had genes form another species inserted into there genetic material. the inserted gene is known as a transgene
what are eugeneitcs
a practice where doctors and scientists edit genetics and change them
what are the different dnas in protien synthesis and what do they do
DNA- gets transcribed by DNA polymerase
MRNA- the replica of the DNA that was transcribed T gets converted to U
RNA- connects to the MRna to help match the codons to the anticodons and produce amino acids
TRNA- brings amino acids and codons to the ribosome (RRNA)
where does replication occur
nucleus
what is the difference between RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase works in transcription and DNA polymerase works in replication
what is transformation
the processes when non sexual reproductive bacteria get new DNA and it can happen in many ways
