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Bio chem > hard questions > Flashcards

hard questions Flashcards

1
Q

what does DNA ligase do

A

connects okasaki fragments in the lagging DNA strand

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2
Q

what does DNA polymerase do

A

adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand

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3
Q

helicase

A

enzyme breaks down the double helix in DNA replication by breaking down the hydrogen bonds

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4
Q

DNA primase

A

start enzyme for replication

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5
Q

Wich way does DNA build

A

from 5-3

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6
Q

what are nucleotides

A

building blocks of protien

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7
Q

what is transcription

A

when DNA gets converted by RNA polymerase to mRNA so it can leave the nucleus

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8
Q

what happens when dna is converted to mRNA

A

the base Thymine gets replaced with Uracil

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9
Q

what nitrogenous bases go together

A

Thymine/ Uracil - adenine
guanine - cytosine

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10
Q

what is located on the outside of dna and what is there charge

A

nucleotides, negative

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11
Q

what are nucleotides made of

A

phosphate group, nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar molecule either (deoxyribose or ribose)

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12
Q

what does RNA do

A

RNA is located in cytoplasm in ribosomes and attaches to mRNA and lines up the codons and amino acids

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13
Q

what Carry’s amino acids to the ribosome

A

trna

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14
Q

what is lac operon

A

a gene that is required for the transport or metabolism of lactose in bacteria.

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15
Q

what is semiconservitave mean in DNA replication

A

when DNA is being replicated two new stands are formed, one identicle (parental) and one newly synthezied this creates a new semiconservitive DNA because its only semi identivle

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16
Q

what’s the universal start codon

A

Aug

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17
Q

what’s the difference between chromosomal mutations and genetic mutations

A

gene mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of a gene that result in change of the phenotypes, chromosomal mutations are physical changes in the structure or number of chromosones

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18
Q

what is the deletion chromosomal mutation

A

a part of chromosomes is missing

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19
Q

what is the duplication chromosomal mutation

A

when a part of the chromosome is copied

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20
Q

what is the inversion chromosomal mutation

A

when a part of a chromosome is fllipped

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21
Q

what is translocation mutation

A

when a part of a chromosome breaks of and attaches to another chromsome

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22
Q

what is nondisjunction mutation

A

when a chromosome fails to separate properly during cell division resulting in to many or to feew chromosome

23
Q

what are frameshift mutations

A

when there’s an extra nucleic base in a genetic mRNA code resulting in the emino acids being produced being affected

24
Q

what are mutagens

A

bad things like chemicals and radioation that cause base pair changes

25
Q

carcinogens

A

chemical that cause cancer

26
Q

what is recombinant dna

A

DNA that contains genes from 2 or more sources

27
Q

who was Thomas hunt morgan

A

he was first to assosciate genes with chromosomes

28
Q

who was fredrick grifith

A

studied phneumia in rats and how there’s different strands of DNA

29
Q

who was chargaff

A

proposed chargaffs rules Wich where that the bases TA go together and CG go togethr

30
Q

Watson and crick

A

proved the double helix shape

31
Q

what are purines

A

notrogen bases with two organic rings AG

32
Q

what are prymidines

A

nitrogen bases with one organic ring CT

33
Q

what are the bases

A

TAGC

34
Q

why do we use genetic ingeneering

A

to control genes and change them and for environmental and educational purpouses

35
Q

what theory does lac operon prove

A

how the environment and nature ur exposed to can affect ur genes. because without lactose the enzyme isn’t present therefore it stops the function of certain genes

36
Q

what bonds are located within DNA

A

hydrogen bonds

37
Q

what bonds are located in nucleiotides

A

covalent bonds

38
Q

what is the leading strand in dna

A

the strand that builds from 5 to 3 and is continuos

39
Q

what’s the lagging strand in dna

A

the starnd that builds from 3 to 5 and is fragments

40
Q

what is PCR (polymerase chai reaction)

A

a technique used to make copies of specific DNA. when DNA is heated and cooled to separate it and then bonded with primers and DNA polymerase to synthesize new replicated DNA.

41
Q

what are restriction enzymes

A

the enzymes that cut DNA into fragments

42
Q

what are the three ways DNA can transfer in bacteria

A

conjunction, transduction, and conjugation

43
Q

what does transduction do

A

when bacterial DNA is transfered to another bacteria by a virus

44
Q

what does transformation do

A

bacteria take up free Dna from there enviroment

45
Q

what does conjugation do

A

DNA is directly transferred from one bacteria to another through a physical connection

46
Q

what do cancer cells have

A

lack diffrenciation
form tumors
abnormal nuclei

47
Q

during transcription what does Thymine turn into

A

Uracil

48
Q

what are transgenic organisms

A

organisms that have had genes form another species inserted into there genetic material. the inserted gene is known as a transgene

49
Q

what are eugeneitcs

A

a practice where doctors and scientists edit genetics and change them

50
Q

what are the different dnas in protien synthesis and what do they do

A

DNA- gets transcribed by DNA polymerase
MRNA- the replica of the DNA that was transcribed T gets converted to U
RNA- connects to the MRna to help match the codons to the anticodons and produce amino acids
TRNA- brings amino acids and codons to the ribosome (RRNA)

51
Q

where does replication occur

A

nucleus

52
Q

what is the difference between RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase

A

RNA polymerase works in transcription and DNA polymerase works in replication

53
Q

what is transformation

A

the processes when non sexual reproductive bacteria get new DNA and it can happen in many ways

Bio chem (8 decks)

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