evolution notes questions Flashcards
what are the 5 main things to include in a good explanation of evolution
variation in the population
mutations
natural selection
survival reproduction
multiple generations
species RESPOND to enviromental conditions
who was carolous linea’s
proposed the idea that species can be “ideal” in there environment
who was alfred wallace
proposed natural selection idea him and Darwin had similar ideas
Charles darwin
proposed the theory of evolution and understood evolution occurs over many generations
what are some evidence of evolution
fossil record, comparative anatomy, genetics and DNA, embryology, biogeogrphy,
what is artificial selction
a process jn Wich humans choose Wich traits should be passed to futuree generations, typically choose advantages traits
what is potential problem with artificial selection
can get rid of genetic variety exp. riding bulls
wow as Jean baptist lamarck
theories where wrong he though animals could instantly adapt to the enviromet
what is natural selection
process by Wich organisms better adapted to the enviroment survive and reproduce better
what are adaptations
something a species gains over generations to survive and reprodcue
what is a mutation
a random gene switch in an organisms genotype making an organism have a random trait
what is biogeography
the study of why plants and animals are located in certain areas
what study of evolution is the Galapagos islands a example of
biogeography
if there are two islands close to a main land Wich island will have more similar species and why
the closer one, because its closer so easier migration, because it has a more similar environment to the mainland
what is the fossil record
a peice of evidence of evolution, it shows the ancestor and common ancestors of species
what is comparative anatomy
the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species
what are homologous traits
charecteristics shared in different specieswith the same structure that may serve differentr functions. exp human arms and bats wings
what are analogous traits
same function of traits but different structures
what is common ancestry
when two different species share an old ancestor and have traits from it
how does the environment impact what traits a species might have
because over time the species will adapt to better survive and reprodcue in the conditions of that enviroment
what is comparative embryology
the study of species as embryos, it cann help us compare structures and find common ancestors
what is a vestigial trait
trait that used to be useful but now is no longer useful but is still present
what is biochemistry
the study of protiens traits and enzymes in dna
what is sexual selection
where certain traits become more ir less common in a population based off how well they attract mates. exp. peacock
what is sexual dimorphism
when the male and female off the same species look different
what are the two main things that drive evolution
survival and reprodcution
what do mates do that females dont when mating?
put themselves in danger to try and attract mates, they decrease survival in order to increase reproduction
what is a monogamous species
species where two individuals form long term bonds with a single mate.
what is convergent evolution
the process where if different organisms evolve in the same environment they look very similar. for example dolphins and sharks
where do analogous traits come from
convergent evolution
where do homologous traits come from
natural selction
what is coevolution
when two animals evolve together in the same environment and adapt to one another. for example gizzelles and chettahs
what was the major weakness off Darwin’s theory of evolution
he didn’t know enough about DNA and mutations
what is geographic isolation
occurs when populations of a species are seperated by physical barriers but can still look the exact same due to similar habitat or completely different
what is genetic drift
a random change in the frequency of alleles. occurs by chance. genetic drift can lead to a lack of genetic variation Wich can lead to extinction
what is fixation in alleles
when an allele through genetic drift becomes the only allele present meaning the frequency reaches 100 percent
what evidence of evolution has analogous traits
convergent evolution
what does artificial selection prove about evolution
if humans can breed together dogs for multiple species over time that can naturally occur asweelll
what are adaptations
how the species responded to a chnage in the environment over time to increase survival and reproduction
what is natural selection
when the environment kills organisms with a mutation or just kills and organism
how does biochemistry prove evolution
similarities and fiffreneces in the genetics show common ancestry and how each species adapted
what peice of evolution had alleles frequency and fixed alleles
genetic drift
what is genetic drift
evidence of evolution that only occurs in small populations and its when a random change in a gene pool affects the genetic diversity of a population
what happens when an allele gets to 1 or 0 due to genetic drift
no more genetic variation Wich can lead to extinction over time. exp cheetah
what is punctuated equilibrium
when in a species it has long period of stability but then rapid change occurs
what is phyletic gradualism
when changes in an environment happen gradually over time
what is the most common graph structure for variety in a population
bellcurve
what is directional selection
when the bellcurve is shifted, so one of the extremes is very common
what is disruptional selection
when the bellcurve is upside down, when the extremes are more common than the common genes normally.
why does disruptional selection happen,
certain environments its needed for example environments with ocean and desert no inbeetween
what is stabilizing selection
when a bellcurve doesn’t have any ends exp. human babies because we did selection against extreme phenotypes
what is adaptive radiation?
emergence of multiple different species in response to an environment and adaptations
how does comparative embryology prove evolution
because we can compare similar structures in an embryoo showing that at one point we had a common ancestor responsible for these similarities
how does the fossil record show evolution?
because transitional fossils, and after mass extinctions species where able to start over again from organisms and build up
what part of evidence do allopatric speciation and elopatric radioation belong to
genetic isolation
what is allopatric speciation
when species are separated through genetic isolation and when sperated this one species adapted to there new environments and form different traits eventually becoming two diff species that can no longer breed togethr
what is allopatric radiation
part of genetic isolation, when one species is separated over many different environments it form many different new species
what does biogeography show
how if habitats are similar the species will be more similar and places closer to eachother have more similar species because easier migration
what does radiation mean in biology evolution
when from one environment or food source many different species form through adaptations nad mutations
what’s the difference between allopatric radiation and adaptive radiation
allopatric radiation: creation of new species due to isolation
adaptive radiation- due to food or adapting to enviroment
instead of saying these animals adapted to they’re enviroment what should u say
over many generations these species responded to there environment through adaptations and natural selection.
what is an analogous trait
DIFF STRUCTURES same trait
exp bird wings and insenct wings
what is a homologous trait
SAME STRUCTURE different traits
arm limbs in animals and humans
what’s the difference between analogous and homologous traits
homologous come from natural selction-
analagouse come from convergent evolution
