cellular division and reproduction Flashcards
what is meiosis
a type of cell division that reduces the chromosone number by half creating four genetically unique haploid cells from one diploid cell
what is a diploid cell
a cell that contains two full pairs of chromosomes (46).
what is a haploid cell
a cell that only contains one set of chromosomes (23)
what type of cells are egg and sperm cells
haploid cells
how are haploid cells produced
meiosis
what type of cells are somatic cells
diploid cells
what are somatic cells
ur main cells of the body like skin hair and muscle. all cells besides sexual reproduction cells
what are the steps in meiosis
ipmat for meiosis 1 and then pmat for meiosis 2
what does pmat stand for
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
the stages of meiosis
what does ipmat stand for
the stages of mitosis
what occurs first mitosis or meiosis
mitosis generally
what does mitosis do
a type of cell division that allows a single cell to divide and produce two identicle daughter cells
what does meiosis do
produces haploid gametes ( sperm and egg cells) for sexual reproduction
where does mitosis occur
somatic cells (non sexual reproductive cells)
where does meiosis occur
in sexual reproduction cells, ovaries and testes
what does n stand for in mitosis and meiosis equations
the haploid number of chromosomes (cells containing 23 chromosomes )
what does 2n stand for in mitosis and meiosis equations
the number of diploid cells (cells containing 46 chromosomes)
what’s the difference between mitosis in human cells and in plant cells
mitosis in humans result in two separate daughter cells and in plants it result;ts in one cell with a cell wall splitting in in the middle
what’s the equation for mitosis
2n= 2n, 2n
what’s the equation for meiosis
2n= n, n , n , n
what’s mitosis used for in the body
cell growth and repair and asexual reproduction
what does meiosis in a male produce
sperm cells
what does meiosis in a female produce
egg cells
why do cells need dto perform mitosis and meiosis
cells need to divide in order to have a good sa/v ration so they can get enough of the materials they need
how many chromosomes do people have
46
what is the process of crossing over?
when homologous pairs swap genetic information to create genetic diversity and more possible outcomes
what causes diversity in meiosis
crossing over and independant assortment
what are the two kind of cellular reproduction
sexual (meiosis) and asexual (mitosis)
what is cytokinesis
the process when the cytoplasm divides during mitosis or meiosis. occurs in the same stage as telophase
what happens to genetic material during mitosis
it doubles
what happens to genetic material during meiosis
it splits up into haploids
what is a chromatin
thin strand of Dna
what does chromatins become
in early stages of division they become chromosomes
all cells must have the same amount of…
genetic material
what is an interphse
starting stage of all cellular division
what is formed when a sperm and egg cell combine and create a diploid cell
a zygote
what are haploid cells also known as
gametes
what is genetic material also known as
deoxyribonucleicacid
what is located on the ends of our cells that shortens with age
telomers
what happens when telomers eventually shorten enough
cell division stops
what is weird about telomers in the human body that shows our relationship with apes
one of our chromosones in our body has a telomer in the middle instead of the end like apes Wich show we may have evolved from them
what is a gamate
a reproductive cell
what is a daughter cell
2 cells that form during mitosis
why is extra cytoplasm important in meiosis
gives the egg cell much more energy and materials
what is a karyotype and why is it important
photograph of all ur chromosomes lined up in homologeeous pairs. its important because it can help doctors detetect genetic disorders
what is dysjunction
the moving apart of chromosomes to opposite poles during mitosis or meiosis
what is synapsis
the pairing of homologous pairs Wich may occur in the prophase during crossing over
what is an allele
a cell u either get from ur mother or father. these cells have similarities and differences and come together to create gene
what is a centromere in chormosones
where the chromatids connect
what’s a telomer in mitiosis / mieosis
the end of a chromatin that is swapped during crossing over
what happens in inter phase of mitosis and meiosis
the nucleor envelope breaks down and chromitins form dna
what happens during the prophase
chromosomes are former and crossing over of genetic info happens
what happens during metaphase
chromosones go to the middle and line up and either get split into 2 groups or in half depending on Wich meiosis
what happens during anaphase
chormosones move AWAY from the center pole and it forms a cleavage furrow. chromosomes move tord opposite poles of the spindle.
what’s a spindle
magnetic poles in cells
what occurs during the telophase
2 new cells form from one diploid cell. cytokinesis also occurs
what’s the end result of mitosis
2 new somatic diploid cells
what is chiasmata
where the chromosomes overlap in the cell
what are tetrads
a homologous pairs made up of four chromatids
what’s a metaphase plate
the center microtubule that splits the chromosomes during metaphase 1 and 2
what are sister chromatids
chromatids that connect to form a chromosome
how many chromosomes does down syndrome have
47
whats the chromosnes of a female
xx
what’s the chromosones of a male
xy
