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Bio chem > cellular division and reproduction > Flashcards

cellular division and reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

what is meiosis

A

a type of cell division that reduces the chromosone number by half creating four genetically unique haploid cells from one diploid cell

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2
Q

what is a diploid cell

A

a cell that contains two full pairs of chromosomes (46).

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3
Q

what is a haploid cell

A

a cell that only contains one set of chromosomes (23)

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4
Q

what type of cells are egg and sperm cells

A

haploid cells

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5
Q

how are haploid cells produced

A

meiosis

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6
Q

what type of cells are somatic cells

A

diploid cells

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7
Q

what are somatic cells

A

ur main cells of the body like skin hair and muscle. all cells besides sexual reproduction cells

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8
Q

what are the steps in meiosis

A

ipmat for meiosis 1 and then pmat for meiosis 2

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9
Q

what does pmat stand for

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
the stages of meiosis

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10
Q

what does ipmat stand for

A

the stages of mitosis

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11
Q

what occurs first mitosis or meiosis

A

mitosis generally

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12
Q

what does mitosis do

A

a type of cell division that allows a single cell to divide and produce two identicle daughter cells

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13
Q

what does meiosis do

A

produces haploid gametes ( sperm and egg cells) for sexual reproduction

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14
Q

where does mitosis occur

A

somatic cells (non sexual reproductive cells)

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15
Q

where does meiosis occur

A

in sexual reproduction cells, ovaries and testes

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16
Q

what does n stand for in mitosis and meiosis equations

A

the haploid number of chromosomes (cells containing 23 chromosomes )

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17
Q

what does 2n stand for in mitosis and meiosis equations

A

the number of diploid cells (cells containing 46 chromosomes)

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18
Q

what’s the difference between mitosis in human cells and in plant cells

A

mitosis in humans result in two separate daughter cells and in plants it result;ts in one cell with a cell wall splitting in in the middle

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19
Q

what’s the equation for mitosis

A

2n= 2n, 2n

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20
Q

what’s the equation for meiosis

A

2n= n, n , n , n

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21
Q

what’s mitosis used for in the body

A

cell growth and repair and asexual reproduction

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22
Q

what does meiosis in a male produce

A

sperm cells

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23
Q

what does meiosis in a female produce

A

egg cells

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24
Q

why do cells need dto perform mitosis and meiosis

A

cells need to divide in order to have a good sa/v ration so they can get enough of the materials they need

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25
Q

how many chromosomes do people have

A

46

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26
Q

what is the process of crossing over?

A

when homologous pairs swap genetic information to create genetic diversity and more possible outcomes

27
Q

what causes diversity in meiosis

A

crossing over and independant assortment

28
Q

what are the two kind of cellular reproduction

A

sexual (meiosis) and asexual (mitosis)

29
Q

what is cytokinesis

A

the process when the cytoplasm divides during mitosis or meiosis. occurs in the same stage as telophase

30
Q

what happens to genetic material during mitosis

A

it doubles

31
Q

what happens to genetic material during meiosis

A

it splits up into haploids

32
Q

what is a chromatin

A

thin strand of Dna

33
Q

what does chromatins become

A

in early stages of division they become chromosomes

34
Q

all cells must have the same amount of…

A

genetic material

35
Q

what is an interphse

A

starting stage of all cellular division

36
Q

what is formed when a sperm and egg cell combine and create a diploid cell

A

a zygote

37
Q

what are haploid cells also known as

A

gametes

38
Q

what is genetic material also known as

A

deoxyribonucleicacid

39
Q

what is located on the ends of our cells that shortens with age

A

telomers

40
Q

what happens when telomers eventually shorten enough

A

cell division stops

41
Q

what is weird about telomers in the human body that shows our relationship with apes

A

one of our chromosones in our body has a telomer in the middle instead of the end like apes Wich show we may have evolved from them

42
Q

what is a gamate

A

a reproductive cell

43
Q

what is a daughter cell

A

2 cells that form during mitosis

44
Q

why is extra cytoplasm important in meiosis

A

gives the egg cell much more energy and materials

45
Q

what is a karyotype and why is it important

A

photograph of all ur chromosomes lined up in homologeeous pairs. its important because it can help doctors detetect genetic disorders

46
Q

what is dysjunction

A

the moving apart of chromosomes to opposite poles during mitosis or meiosis

47
Q

what is synapsis

A

the pairing of homologous pairs Wich may occur in the prophase during crossing over

48
Q

what is an allele

A

a cell u either get from ur mother or father. these cells have similarities and differences and come together to create gene

49
Q

what is a centromere in chormosones

A

where the chromatids connect

50
Q

what’s a telomer in mitiosis / mieosis

A

the end of a chromatin that is swapped during crossing over

51
Q

what happens in inter phase of mitosis and meiosis

A

the nucleor envelope breaks down and chromitins form dna

52
Q

what happens during the prophase

A

chromosomes are former and crossing over of genetic info happens

53
Q

what happens during metaphase

A

chromosones go to the middle and line up and either get split into 2 groups or in half depending on Wich meiosis

54
Q

what happens during anaphase

A

chormosones move AWAY from the center pole and it forms a cleavage furrow. chromosomes move tord opposite poles of the spindle.

55
Q

what’s a spindle

A

magnetic poles in cells

56
Q

what occurs during the telophase

A

2 new cells form from one diploid cell. cytokinesis also occurs

57
Q

what’s the end result of mitosis

A

2 new somatic diploid cells

58
Q

what is chiasmata

A

where the chromosomes overlap in the cell

59
Q

what are tetrads

A

a homologous pairs made up of four chromatids

60
Q

what’s a metaphase plate

A

the center microtubule that splits the chromosomes during metaphase 1 and 2

61
Q

what are sister chromatids

A

chromatids that connect to form a chromosome

62
Q

how many chromosomes does down syndrome have

A

47

63
Q

whats the chromosnes of a female

A

xx

64
Q

what’s the chromosones of a male

A

xy

Bio chem (5 decks)

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