Modern Biology Flashcards - L5_ Biotechnology (1)
manipulation of natural biological processes in order to serve societal needs.
Biotechnology
the first application of biotechnology
Zymotechnology
When and where did industrial biotechnology began?
England 1917
who coined the term, “biotechnology”
Karoly Ereky
As per ereky, ti describes as technology based on converting raw materials into a more useful product
Biotechnology
Colors of Biotechnology
Red, Green, White, Yellow, Blue, Grey, Gold (+brown, violet, dark)
This is the health branch and responsible, according to the Biotechnology Innovation Organization (BIO), for the development of more than 250 vaccines and medications such as antibiotics, regenerative therapies and the production of artificial organs.
Red Biotechnology
It is used by more than 13 million farmers worldwide to fight pests and nourish crops and strengthen them against microorganisms and extreme weather events, such as droughts and frosts.
Green Biotechnology
centers around treatment of desert-like soils
Brown Biotechnology
study of legal aspects that surround this science, like biosecurity and moral impact of certain technologies
Violet biotechnology
INCLUDES PRODUCTION OF BIOLOGIAL WARFARE AND BIOTERRORISM
Dark Biotechnology
focuses on bioinformatics responsible for obtaining, analyzing, and separating biological info
Gold Biotechnology
Tools in Biotechnology
Bioprocessing technology and genetic engineering
industrial application of biological processes involving living cells to effect desire transformation of substrates
Bioprocessing technology
technique of removing, modifying, or adding genes to a DNA molecule to change the information it contains
Genetic Engineering
The First FDA-approved GMO
Human Insulin
The industrial branch works to improve manufacturing processes, the development of biofuels and other technologies to make industry more efficient and sustainable.
White biotechnology
This branch is focused on food production and, for example, it carries out research to reduce the levels of saturated fats in cooking oils.
Yellow biotechnology
This exploits marine resources to obtain aquaculture, cosmetics and health care products. In addition, it is the branch most widely used to obtain biofuels from certain microalgae.
Blue biotechnology
Its purpose is the conservation and restoration of contaminated natural ecosystems through, as mentioned above, bioremediation processes.
Grey Biotechnology
4 main areas of biotechnology
Transgenic biotechnology, reproductive cloning, reprogramming of cells, and forensic biotechnology
involves mixing genetic material from multiple sources (species)
Trasngenic biotechnology
The pituitary gland produces a crucial hormone called the ___
human growth hormone
this peptide hormone (protein) provides for normal growth and development.
human growth hormone
The plasmid, when combined with DNA from multiple sources, is now called as ____
recombinant DNA
a small, circular piece of DNA that not only is separate from the chromosome, but can also replicate independently.
plasmid
The pancreas, among other functions, produces a crucial hormone called ___
insulin
Techniques used to clone certain species (mammals).
reproductive cloning
It is an exact genetic replica of another cell or organism.
clone
The first mammal clone
Dolly the Sheep
Asexual reproduction that occurs naturally where offspring is born with sexual reproduction
Parthenogenesis
It is a laboratory strategy for creating a viable embryo from a body cell and an egg cell.
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
This technique consists of taking an enucleated oocyte (egg cell) and implanting a donor nucleus from a somatic (body) cell.
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Using stem cells to become needed tissues in patients with diseases or physical harm.
Reprogramming of cells
These cells are undifferentiated, meaning that they haven’t become a “type” of cell yet.
Stem Cells
What happens if the pituitary gland is defective
growth is stunted
Other transgenic organisms used to produce insulin today
yeast and safflower
genetically modified food that is fortified with beta carotene, which the human body converts into vitamin A.
Golden Rice
result of mixing genes from a bacterium and from daffodils into the rice genome.
Golden Rice
When a sperm meets an egg, the resulting zygote is ___. The inner cell mass, the source of “embryonic stem” cells, are ___
totipotent ; pluripotent
these cells have the ability to create a whole organism, or at least all different types of tissues.
totipotent
These cells can only give rise to most types of tissues, and definitely NOT a whole organism.
pluripotent
They received the 2012 Nobel Prize (Physiology and Medicine) for their work with the development of iPS cells.
John Gurdon & Shinya Yamanaka
Use of restriction enzymes and electrophoresis to distinguish one person from another.
Forensic Biotechnology
used to determine the identity of certain individuals like criminals, disaster victims, and biological parents
Forensic Biotechnology
a laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge. An electric current is used to move the molecules through a gel or other matrix.
Electrophoresis
The product of rDNA technology is known as
genetically modified organism or GMO
Most common components in bioprocessing technology
enzymes
In electrophoresis, this is used to move the molecules through a gel or other matrix.
Electric Current
Most common whole cells used in bioprocessing technology
yeast and bacteria
What does PCR stand for?
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer involves taking ____ and implanting
a donor nucleus from a ____.
enucleated oocyte (egg cell) ; somatic (body) cell
process of using animal “parts” for human parts
Xenotransplantation
these crops contain genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis which produces proteins toxic to pest insects
Bt Crops
contain genes that protect them from Roundup (herbicide)
Roundup Ready crops
