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Modern Biology > Modern Biology Flashcards - L5_ Biotechnology (1) > Flashcards

Modern Biology Flashcards - L5_ Biotechnology (1)

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1
Q

manipulation of natural biological processes in order to serve societal needs.

A

Biotechnology

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2
Q

the first application of biotechnology

A

Zymotechnology

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3
Q

When and where did industrial biotechnology began?

A

England 1917

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4
Q

who coined the term, “biotechnology”

A

Karoly Ereky

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5
Q

As per ereky, ti describes as technology based on converting raw materials into a more useful product

A

Biotechnology

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6
Q

Colors of Biotechnology

A

Red, Green, White, Yellow, Blue, Grey, Gold (+brown, violet, dark)

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7
Q

This is the health branch and responsible, according to the Biotechnology Innovation Organization (BIO), for the development of more than 250 vaccines and medications such as antibiotics, regenerative therapies and the production of artificial organs.

A

Red Biotechnology

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8
Q

It is used by more than 13 million farmers worldwide to fight pests and nourish crops and strengthen them against microorganisms and extreme weather events, such as droughts and frosts.

A

Green Biotechnology

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9
Q

centers around treatment of desert-like soils

A

Brown Biotechnology

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10
Q

study of legal aspects that surround this science, like biosecurity and moral impact of certain technologies

A

Violet biotechnology

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11
Q

INCLUDES PRODUCTION OF BIOLOGIAL WARFARE AND BIOTERRORISM

A

Dark Biotechnology

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12
Q

focuses on bioinformatics responsible for obtaining, analyzing, and separating biological info

A

Gold Biotechnology

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13
Q

Tools in Biotechnology

A

Bioprocessing technology and genetic engineering

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14
Q

industrial application of biological processes involving living cells to effect desire transformation of substrates

A

Bioprocessing technology

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15
Q

technique of removing, modifying, or adding genes to a DNA molecule to change the information it contains

A

Genetic Engineering

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16
Q

The First FDA-approved GMO

A

Human Insulin

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17
Q

The industrial branch works to improve manufacturing processes, the development of biofuels and other technologies to make industry more efficient and sustainable.

A

White biotechnology

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18
Q

This branch is focused on food production and, for example, it carries out research to reduce the levels of saturated fats in cooking oils.

A

Yellow biotechnology

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19
Q

This exploits marine resources to obtain aquaculture, cosmetics and health care products. In addition, it is the branch most widely used to obtain biofuels from certain microalgae.

A

Blue biotechnology

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20
Q

Its purpose is the conservation and restoration of contaminated natural ecosystems through, as mentioned above, bioremediation processes.

A

Grey Biotechnology

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21
Q

4 main areas of biotechnology

A

Transgenic biotechnology, reproductive cloning, reprogramming of cells, and forensic biotechnology

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22
Q

involves mixing genetic material from multiple sources (species)

A

Trasngenic biotechnology

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23
Q

The pituitary gland produces a crucial hormone called the ___

A

human growth hormone

24
Q

this peptide hormone (protein) provides for normal growth and development.

A

human growth hormone

25
Q

The plasmid, when combined with DNA from multiple sources, is now called as ____

A

recombinant DNA

26
Q

a small, circular piece of DNA that not only is separate from the chromosome, but can also replicate independently.

A

plasmid

27
Q

The pancreas, among other functions, produces a crucial hormone called ___

A

insulin

28
Q

Techniques used to clone certain species (mammals).

A

reproductive cloning

29
Q

It is an exact genetic replica of another cell or organism.

A

clone

30
Q

The first mammal clone

A

Dolly the Sheep

31
Q

Asexual reproduction that occurs naturally where offspring is born with sexual reproduction

A

Parthenogenesis

32
Q

It is a laboratory strategy for creating a viable embryo from a body cell and an egg cell.

A

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

33
Q

This technique consists of taking an enucleated oocyte (egg cell) and implanting a donor nucleus from a somatic (body) cell.

A

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

34
Q

Using stem cells to become needed tissues in patients with diseases or physical harm.

A

Reprogramming of cells

35
Q

These cells are undifferentiated, meaning that they haven’t become a “type” of cell yet.

A

Stem Cells

36
Q

What happens if the pituitary gland is defective

A

growth is stunted

37
Q

Other transgenic organisms used to produce insulin today

A

yeast and safflower

38
Q

genetically modified food that is fortified with beta carotene, which the human body converts into vitamin A.

A

Golden Rice

39
Q

result of mixing genes from a bacterium and from daffodils into the rice genome.

A

Golden Rice

40
Q

When a sperm meets an egg, the resulting zygote is ___. The inner cell mass, the source of “embryonic stem” cells, are ___

A

totipotent ; pluripotent

41
Q

these cells have the ability to create a whole organism, or at least all different types of tissues.

A

totipotent

42
Q

These cells can only give rise to most types of tissues, and definitely NOT a whole organism.

A

pluripotent

43
Q

They received the 2012 Nobel Prize (Physiology and Medicine) for their work with the development of iPS cells.

A

John Gurdon & Shinya Yamanaka

44
Q

Use of restriction enzymes and electrophoresis to distinguish one person from another.

A

Forensic Biotechnology

45
Q

used to determine the identity of certain individuals like criminals, disaster victims, and biological parents

A

Forensic Biotechnology

46
Q

a laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge. An electric current is used to move the molecules through a gel or other matrix.

A

Electrophoresis

47
Q

The product of rDNA technology is known as

A

genetically modified organism or GMO

48
Q

Most common components in bioprocessing technology

A

enzymes

49
Q

In electrophoresis, this is used to move the molecules through a gel or other matrix.

A

Electric Current

50
Q

Most common whole cells used in bioprocessing technology

A

yeast and bacteria

51
Q

What does PCR stand for?

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

52
Q

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer involves taking ____ and implanting
a donor nucleus from a ____.

A

enucleated oocyte (egg cell) ; somatic (body) cell

53
Q

process of using animal “parts” for human parts

A

Xenotransplantation

54
Q

these crops contain genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis which produces proteins toxic to pest insects

A

Bt Crops

55
Q

contain genes that protect them from Roundup (herbicide)

A

Roundup Ready crops

Modern Biology (10 decks)

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