L3 - Lipids and Proteins Flashcards
biomolecules that are considered as hydrophobic or water-hating
Lipids
they do not exhibit polymerization, but are large molecules in their own respect
Lipids
Lipids can be classified as?
Simple and Complex Lipids
What does simple lipids include?
Fats/Oils, Waxes, Terpeenes
What does complex lipids include
Phospholipids and steroids
lipids that serve as the storage units of energy
Fats/Oils
Difference between fats and oils?
Fats came from animals while oils came from plants
Double bonds are absent; tight packing of molecules happen
Saturated Fat/Oil
Double bonds are present; tight packing of molecules is impossible due to contortions caused by the bonds
Unsaturated Fat/Oil
Example of Saturated Fats
meat, butter, dairy products
Example of Unsaturated Fats
vegetable oils
These fats increase levels of ‘bad’ cholesterol (low-density lipoprotein), which clogs arteries
Saturated Fats
These fats increase levels of ‘good’ cholesterol (high-density lipoprotein), escorts the LDL into the liver where it is removed from the body
Unsaturated Fats
An alcohol unique to fats and is rich in hydroxyl, making it hydrophilic
Glycerol
End of a ‘fat’ molecule that readily dissolves in water
Hydrophilic Head
Links that form when the carboxyls of the fatty acids react with the hydroxyls of Glycerol during bonding
Ester linkages
Triad of molecules that are inherently hydrophobic, and make up the tail of the fat molecule
Fatty Acids
The end of a fat molecule rich in methyls, which do not readily dissolve in water
Hydrophobic Tail
lipids that is formed between a long alcohol chain and a fatty acid molecule through ester synthesis
Waxes
Formation of an ester through dehydration synthesis between a hydroxyl and a carboxyl
Ester Synthesis
They are found as coatings of plants and animals, as well as part of the blubber of animals
Waxes
They function as a preventive barrier against water loss
Waxes
Found on the surface of leaves and found on animal hair to keep it pliable
Waxes
Found on the feathers of water birds to prevent them from becoming waterlogged
Waxes
A singular molecule making up the end of a wax molecule (i.e. Stearic Acid)
Fatty Acid
The hydrophilic end of a wax molecule that uses any other alcohol than glycerol (i.e. Oleic Alcohol)
Alcohol
oldest of all the biological compounds
Terpenes
They are also the most diverse biological molecules
Terpenes
These molecules are best known as the scent molecules of plants, as they are abundant in essential oils used in cosmetics
Terpenes
In food products, they are important nutritive compounds (i.e. vitamins)
Terpenes
They are also the ones that trigger the “addiction” of humans in Cannabis sativa
Terpenes
lipids that are similar in structure to fats and oils
Phospholipids
How many fatty acids are present in the tail of phospholipid?
2
What is present in the head of a phospholipid structure?
Phosphate group
They are the building blocks of the cell membranes
Phospholipids
molecules crucial to animals and are the building blocks of the sex hormones
Steroids
chemical messengers produced in one part of the body, they travel to and cause changes in another part of the body.
Hormones
What elements is protein comprised of?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur
It accounts for half of the dry weight of most cells
Protein
These biomolecules are also the most complex in structure
Protein
They are the most versatile of all the biomolecules, as they are crucial element in almost everything that happens within the cell
Protein
They also function in the regulation of chemical reactions in the body (enzymes), as they may accelerate or stall reactions
Proteins
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino Acids
How many amino acids are in the human body?
20
Classifications of Amino acids according to their functional groups
Polar, Non-Polar, and electrically charged amino acids
Classifications of Amino acids according to whether the body can produce them or not
Essential and Non-essential amino acids
Amino acids used for the maintenance of the nervous system
Asparagine
Amino acid used for body alertness, collagen and keratin synthesis, and skin tensile strength maintenance
Cysteine
Amino acid that serves as stress protein and immune booster
Glutamine
Amino acid that serves as ‘food source’ of the brain
Serine
Amino acid that serves as ‘fight-or-flight’ response protein, precursor of adrenaline and dopamine
Tyrosine
Example of polar essential amino acid
Threonine
Example of Non-Polar Essential Amino Acid
Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan
Example of Electrically Charged Essential Amino Acid
Histidine and Lysine
Example of Polar Non-Essential Amino Acids
Asparagine, Cysteine, Glutamine, Serine, Tyrosine
Example of Non-Polar Non-Essential Amino Acids
Alanine, Glycine, Proline
Amino acid that controls glucose during glycolysis
Alanine
Amino acid used for neurotransmittance control
Glycine
Amino acid used for muscle and joint maintenance
Proline
Amino acid used for blood pressure maintenance
Arginine
Amino acid used for energy maintenance and fatigue reduction
Aspartic Acid
Amino acid used for nervous system overall maintenance
Glutamic Acid
The structure of a protein is defined by its __
Conformation
arrangement of the amino acids in the protein megastructure
Conformation
Levels of Protein Structure
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary Structure
Simplest level of protein structure
Primary Structure
It is simply the arrangement of amino acids in a chain
Primary Structure
Protein structure that is dependent on the interactions of the functional groups
Secondary Structure
2 classifications of secondary structure in protein
α-helix and β-pleated sheet
Secondary structure where the carbonyl of one amino acid becomes linked to the amino group of another amino acid 4 units down the chain, forming a helical shape
α-helix
segments of the chain line up side by side and become linked via hydrogen bonds, forming a sheet
β-pleated sheet
Protein structure that is dependent on the interactions of the R-group in the amino acids
Tertiary Structure
Forms the 3D structure of the protein, and is oftentimes the final folded structure of proteins
Tertiary Structure
It is common in proteins whose primary structure is made up of multiple chains
Quaternary Structure
Allows chemical reactions to occur in living things
Enzymes
protect the body from infection
Antibodies
energy required to start a chemical reaction
activation energy
proteins which reduce activation energy allowing chemical reactions to occur in living things.
Enzymes
inorganic/organic molecules that speed up chemical reactions
Catalysts
it is where the chemical reaction occurs.
active site
the molecule that the enzyme acts on.
substrate
The fact that the active site can only accept one type of substrate is known as ___
Enzyme specificity
Two ideas about enzyme action
Lock and Key model and Induced Fit model
In this model, the enzyme puts stress on the bond which reduces the amount of energy needed to break apart the substrate
Lock and key model
In this model, the substrate causes (induces) the enzyme to change shape which allows the substrate to fit into the active site
Induced Fit Model
Factors that affect enzyme activities
Environmental conditions, cofactors and coenzymes, and enzyme inihibitors
two types of inhibition
competitive and non-competitive inhibition
If a protein loses its shape, it loses its function, a protein that loses its shape is said to be ___
Denatured
What happens when an enzyme is denatured?
Substrate can’t enter the active site
Enzyme in the mouth that breaks down starches into disaccharides
Salivary Amylase
Enzyme in the stomach that breaks down proteins into large peptides
Pepsin
Enzyme in the small intestines (from pancreas) that continues the breakdown of starch
Amylase
Enzyme that continues the breakdown of protein
Trypsin
Enzyme that breaks down fats
Lipase
Enzyme in the small intestine that breaks down remaining disaccharides into monosaccharides
Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase
Enzyme that breaks down dipeptides into amino acids
Peptidase
