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Modern Biology > L3 - Carbohydrates > Flashcards

L3 - Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

branch of science concerned with the chemistry of biomolecules and chemical processes of life.

A

Biochemistry

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2
Q

It is multidisciplinary, standing at the crossroads between the physical sciencesand the life sciences

A

Biochemistry

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3
Q

Characteristics of Inorganic Compounds

A

Not carbon based, electrolyte, ionic bonding, simple structures

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4
Q

Characteristics of Organic Compounds

A

carbon based, non electrolyte. covalent bonding, complex structures

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5
Q

How much does oxygen contribute in the human weight?

A

65%

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6
Q

How much does carbon contribute in the human weight?

A

18%

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7
Q

How much does hydrogen contribute in the human weight?

A

10%

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8
Q

How much does nitrogen contribute in the human weight?

A

3%

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9
Q

How much does calcium contribute in the human weight?

A

2%

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10
Q

How much does phosphorus contribute in the human weight?

A

1%

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11
Q

How much does potassium contribute in the human weight?

A

0.30%

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12
Q

How much does sulfur contribute in the human weight?

A

0.20%

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13
Q

How much does sodium and chlorine contribute in the human weight (each)?

A

0.10%

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14
Q

building blocks of the cells themselves, as they constitute all that can be found within a cell.

A

Biomolecules

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15
Q

Defined as polymers of a single or several units of simpler molecules that have biological functions.

A

Biomolecules

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16
Q

commonly known as sugars (saccharides)

A

Carbohydrates

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17
Q

Greek word for sugar

A

sacchar

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18
Q

most abundant of the four biomolecules

A

Carbohydrates

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19
Q

defined as transportable and usable form of energy

A

Carbohydrates

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20
Q

Their structure consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a ___ ratio

A

1 : 2 : 1

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21
Q

They are the monomers of the higher, more complex structural forms of the carbohydrates.

A

monosaccharides

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22
Q

They are major source of nutrients, cell’s energy source, and raw materials for other biomolecules (i.e. amino acids, fatty acids)

A

Monosaccharides

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23
Q

Functional groups in a monosaccharide

A

1 carbonyl group and several hydroxyl group

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24
Q

Dependent on the carbonyl group’s reaction, a monosaccharide can be classified into 2 which are?

A

Aldose (aldehyde sugar) and Ketose (Ketone sugar)

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25
Q

The skeleton of a monosaccharide can range from __ carbons long,

A

3 to 7

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26
Q

Enumerate sugars with 3-7 Carbons

A

Triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, and heptose

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27
Q

Difference between aldose and ketose (in terms of molecular structure)

A

Aldose has a carbonyl group on one end, whereas ketose has it somewhere in the middle of CH2OH compounds

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28
Q

Example of triose for aldose and ketose

A

Glyceraldehyde (aldose) and Dihydroxyacetone (ketose)

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29
Q

Example of tetrose for aldose and ketose

A

Erythrose (aldose) and Erythrulose (ketose)

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30
Q

Example of pentose for aldose and ketose

A

Ribose, Xylose (aldose) and Ribulose, Xylulose (ketose)

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31
Q

Example of hexose for aldose and ketose

A

Glucose, Galactose (aldose) and Fructose (ketose)

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32
Q

Example of heptose for aldose and ketose

A

Glucoheptose (aldose) and Sedoheptulose (ketose)

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33
Q

This monosaccharide is an intermediate step in processing glycogen for energy during glycolysis

A

Glyceraldehyde

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34
Q

also known as glycerone, it is a major component of melanin and an important sugar for babies to boost their UV-B protection

A

Dihydroxyacetone or DHA

35
Q

Extremely high amounts of Dihydroxyacetone is considered ____

A

Carcinogenic

36
Q

They are the sugars that make up the backbone of nucleic acids

A

Ribose (RNA) and Deoxyribose (DNA)

37
Q

the sweetest of the monosaccharides, along with Glucose, and the most naturally abundant form of sugar

A

Fructose

38
Q

those sugars that have more than one saccharide unit in them

A

Complex Sugars

39
Q

Complex sugars of more than 10 up to a thousand or even more saccharide units

A

Polysaccharides

40
Q

Complex sugars of 3 to 10 saccharide units

A

Oligosaccharides

41
Q

Complex sugars of 2 saccharide units

A

Disaccharides

42
Q

Sugars bonded together by glycosidic links.

A

Disaccharides

43
Q

The glycosidic links are ALWAYS located at the ___ carbon of one unit and the __ carbon of the other unit.

A

1st ; 4th

44
Q

Depending on the combination of sugar units, they may appear to be sticky, sweet, water-soluble, or crystalline.

A

Disaccharides

45
Q

Notable Disaccharides

A

Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, Trehalose

46
Q

Also known as table sugar

A

Sucrose

47
Q

Sucrose came from the french word ___ which means sugar

A

sucre

48
Q

Sucrose is a combination of what?

A

1 glucose and 1 fructose

49
Q

It is the most common of all the Disaccharides, and found in almost everything that is edible

A

Sucrose

50
Q

Also known as milk sugar

A

Lactose

51
Q

Lactose is a combination of what?

A

1 glucose and 1 galactose

52
Q

Also known as malt sugar

A

Maltose

53
Q

Maltose is a combination of what?

A

2 glucose units

54
Q

A sugar that results from the fermentation of beer, or chocolate and its by-products

A

Maltose

55
Q

Trehalose is a combination of what?

A

2 glucose units

56
Q

this sugar is bonded at the first carbon of both sugar units

A

Trehalose

57
Q

It is the sugar common in mushrooms, crustaceans, and honey

A

Trehalose

58
Q

Of all the carbohydrates, this type of sugar is the most limited, as they are often found exclusively in plants

A

Oligosaccharides

59
Q

In animals, this sugar almost has no use as this type is indigestible; however, in plants, they are used as either transport or storage carbohydrates

A

Oligosaccharides

60
Q

Notable Oligosaccharides

A

Raffinose and Stachyose

61
Q

Raffinose has 3 sugar units, which consist of?

A

! Galactose, 1 Glucose, 1 Fructose

62
Q

They are sugars that are found in beets, legumes, and whole grains, as well as some green vegetables

A

Raffinose

63
Q

Stachyose has 4 sugar units, which consist of?

A

1 galactose, 1 glucose, 1 fructose, 1 galactose

64
Q

This sugar is responsible for the antifreeze capability of plants during winter

A

Stachyose

65
Q

Polysaccharides can be classified as?

A

Storage Polysaccharides and Structural Polysaccharides

66
Q

Polysaccharides that function as storage units of energy

A

Storage Polysaccharides

67
Q

Polysaccharides that exist often as a continuous chain or as an extensively branched chain.

A

Storage Polysaccharides

68
Q

Polysaccharides that function as building blocks of cellular structures

A

Structural Polysaccharides

69
Q

They exist only as long continuous chains that are linked side by side through hydrogen bonds (via their carbonyl groups).

A

Structural Polysaccharides

70
Q

Notable Polysaccharides

A

Amylose and Amylopectin, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin

71
Q

These two sugars are the building blocks of starch

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

72
Q

How many percent does amylose contribute to starch?

A

20-30%

73
Q

How many percent does amylopectin contribute to starch?

A

70-80%

74
Q

These sugars are produced by the chloroplasts as sources of their energy

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

75
Q

A glucose molecule in starch comprising of occasionally branched chains

A

Amylopectin

76
Q

A glucose molecule in starch comprising of unbranched chains

A

Amylose

77
Q

The sugar produced by animals during glycolysis as their source of energy

A

Glycogen

78
Q

a protein at the core of the glycogen molecule which assembles glucose units into this sugar

A

Glycogenin

79
Q

a polysaccharide formed from excess glucose in the body

A

Glycogen

80
Q

Structural polysaccharide of plants found in their cell walls, which contributes to the rigidity of plants

A

Cellulose

81
Q

It is the most abundant organic compound on the planet

A

Cellulose

82
Q

Structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and in the cell walls of fungi

A

Chitin

83
Q

It is the one responsible for the protection of the soft insides of arthropods as well as the rigidity of fungi

A

Chitin

Modern Biology (10 decks)

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