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Science7 review > Mod 6 > Flashcards

Mod 6 Flashcards

1
Q

using technology to alter or change an organism’s genes, adding genes to or removing genes from an existing set of DNA

A

Genetic engineering:

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2
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid; genetic information in the cells of all living things

A

DNA:

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3
Q

the process of using egg cells from an individual to produce a new organism

A

Cloning:

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4
Q

a scientific field that uses technology to purposefully change living things

A

Biotechnology

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5
Q

also called selective breeding, selecting organisms with desired traits to breed producing offspring with the desired characteristics

A

Artificial selection:

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6
Q

What are three different types of Biotechnology?

A

Genetic Engineering, cloning. artificial selection

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7
Q

A Labradoodle is a result of what type of Biotechnology?

A

artificial selection

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8
Q

a variation of a specific gene that is coded in proteins and that, when joined with another allele, determines a trait

A

Allele:

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9
Q

creation of offspring involving one parent

A

Asexual reproduction:

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10
Q

location where two sister chromatids join to create a paired chromosome

A

Centromere:

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11
Q

one of the two identical copies of DNA making up a duplicated chromosome, which are joined at a centromere

A

Chromatid:

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12
Q

strands of DNA containing multiple genes; structures containing all the genetic information needed to make new cells

A

Chromosomes:

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13
Q

a gene that will be expressed if a living thing inherits at least one dominant allele for a given trait

A

Dominant:

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14
Q

the specific genetic makeup of an individual, which cannot be observed

A

Genotype:

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15
Q

proteins that make up DNA and include adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

A

Nucleotides:

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16
Q

a large oval structure that controls all of a cell’s activities

A

Nucleus:

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17
Q

any organized or specialized structure within a living cell

A

Organelle:

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18
Q

observable traits that are expressed in an organism’s physical appearance

A

Phenotype:

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19
Q

a gene that will be expressed if a living thing inherits both recessive alleles for a given trait

A

Recessive:

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20
Q

creation of offspring involving two parents

A

Sexual reproduction:

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21
Q

traits that are neither dominant nor recessive but are a combined variation of both

A

Codominant:

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22
Q

a tool used to track inherited traits from one generation to the next

A

Pedigree chart:

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23
Q

traits that are determined by more than one gene

A

Polygenic traits:

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24
Q

a tool used to predict the probability of possible phenotypes of offspring when the genotypes of the parents are known

A

Punnett square:

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25
Q

traits that are found on chromosomes that are unique to one sex; either male or female

A

Sex-linked traits:

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26
Q

: the third stage in mitosis, when the duplicated chromosomes move away from each other to opposite ends of the cell

A

Anaphase

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27
Q

occurs when DNA is copied and a cell divided to create new cells that are identical to the original

A

Binary fission:

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28
Q

creates a full set of genetically identical DNA as an attachment that later breaks off, creating a new, genetically identical organism

A

Budding:

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29
Q

the division of cytoplasm during mitosis

A

Cytokinesis:

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30
Q

new cell that results from any cellular division

A

Daughter cell:

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31
Q

a cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

A

Diploid:

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32
Q

occurs when a piece of an organism breaks off and grows into a fully functioning organism that is genetically identical to the original

A

Fragmentation:

33
Q

sex cells like sperm and eggs

A

Gametes:

34
Q

a cell that has half as many chromosomes as the parent cell

A

Haploid:

35
Q

the resting phase of the cell cycle, during which the chromosomes may replicate in preparation for cellular division

A

Interphase:

36
Q

the process of cell division that divides a cell into four new daughter cells, each with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell; this process creates gametes, or sex cells

A

Meiosis:

37
Q

the second stage in mitosis, when the duplicated chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers and line up along the center of the cell

A

Metaphase:

38
Q

: the process of cellular division in eukaryotes that creates two identical daughter cells

A

Mitosis

39
Q

the original cell duplicates its genetic material and divides to create two new, identical daughter cells

A

Parent cell:

40
Q

the first stage of mitosis, when the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes

A

Prophase:

41
Q

: the final stage of mitosis, when the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes, creating two new daughter cells

A

Telophase

42
Q

Which of the following statements is true? (3 points)

a. A pedigree chart tracks inherited traits, and a Punnett square is used to predict the genotype of offspring
b. A Punnett square tracks inherited traits, and a pedigree chart is used to predict the genotype of offspring.
c. A pedigree chart predicts the percentage of offspring that will have a specific trait, and a Punnett square tracks which organisms are carriers for a specific trait.
d. A Punnett square tracks family traits, and a pedigree chart identifies the phenotype of the organism.

A

a. A pedigree chart tracks inherited traits, and a Punnett square is used to predict the genotype of offspring

43
Q

What does a completely filled circle represent on a pedigree chart? (3 points)

a. A female carrier of a disease
b. A male carrier of a disease
c. A female with a disease
d. A male with a disease

A

c. A female with a disease

44
Q

A pea plant with round seeds (Rr) is crossbred with another pea plant with wrinkled seeds (rr). What is the probability of offspring having wrinkled seeds? (3 points)

a. 0%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%

A

c. 50%

45
Q

Biotechnology is a scientific field that uses technology to purposefully change _______ things

A

living

46
Q

______ are sections of DNA that code for specific traits or functions.

A

Genes

47
Q

GMOs Benefits

A

Ability to create food that is resistant to pests, cold, and disease

Greater food production volume and increased vitamins

48
Q

GMOs Risks?

A

Concerns about long-term health risks

Lack of regulation

49
Q

Cloning Benefits

A

Ability to increase endangered animal populations

Possibility of eliminating diseases and defective genes

50
Q

Cloning risks

A

horter lifespan for cloned animals

Greater chance of health issues for cloned animals

51
Q

Artificial Selection Benefits

A

Allows for selection of desired traits

Ability to create better versions of organisms

52
Q

Artificial Selection risks

A

Loss of genetic diversity

Increased chance of diseases that can shorten lifespan

53
Q

Inside of cells are different parts that work together, called ______

A

organelles

54
Q

. Inside the nucleus of each cell is genetic material called ______

A

DNA

55
Q

Every ___ in a living organism, except for sex cells, contains a complete set of DNA.

A

cell

56
Q

The _____ is like the control center of the cell that tells all the parts of the cell what to do. It also contains all the genetic information for the organism.

A

nucleus

57
Q

_______are strands of DNA that are bundled up tightly containing proteins that create genes.

A

Chromosomes

58
Q

When the DNA from each parent combines, the like chromosomes, called ______, pair up

A

chromatids

59
Q

_____ are small sections of DNA that contain information for each specific trait an organism may inherit.

A

Genes

60
Q

four possible protein bases are called what? and what are the pairing

A

cytosine, guanine, adenine, and thymine

adenine always pairs with thymine and cytosine always pairs with guanine.

61
Q

____ describes the specific genetic makeup of a living thing and cannot be observed

A

Genotype

62
Q

_____describes the observable traits in the physical appearance of an organism

A

Phenotype

63
Q

Who was Gregor Mendel

1822–1884

A

Austrian monk and biologist

Mendel crossbred different pea plants to show that factors, now called genes, decide which traits are passed on from parent plant to offspring plants.

His observations led to the creation of the basic laws of inheritance, including dominant and recessive traits. He is credited with being the founding father of genetics.

64
Q

A _____ ______ is a tool that uses the genotypes of the parents to predict the probability of the possible phenotypes of their offspring.

A

Punnett square

65
Q

Scientists use a similar tool called a _____ _____ to track inherited traits between parents and offspring.

A

pedigree chart

66
Q

Mitosis does not occur in gametes, or sex cells.

True or false

A

true

67
Q

What are the 4 stages of Mitosis in order

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

68
Q

_____ is the division of the cytoplasm at the end of mitosis.

A

Cytokinesis

69
Q

What are the steps of meiosis?

A

the process has two steps: meiosis I and meiosis II.

70
Q

Meiosis I

A

During this step, cells go through prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I. The chromosomes condense and pair up. Chromatids may cross over, exchanging sections of DNA and forming new combinations of alleles. The two new daughter cells produced by meiosis I have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell but are different from each other and different from the parent cell.`

71
Q

Meiosis II

A

During this step, the cells go through prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II. The sister chromatids pair up again in the middle. Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres, pulling each sister chromatid apart. This creates four new daughter cells that are haploid, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Each new cell created is different from each other and different from the parent cell. This process creates diversity in living things.

72
Q

Sort each phrase to the correct location to determine if it is only true for mitosis or meiosis

Creates gametes, or sex cells
Creates four cells that are unique
Used in asexual reproduction
Creates two cells that are identical
Creates cells with 23 chromosomes
Creates body cells, including skin and bone
Used in sexual reproduction
Creates cells with 46 chromosomes
A 
Mitosis
Creates two cells that are identical
Used in asexual reproduction
Creates cells with 46 chromosomes
Creates body cells, including skin and bone
Meiosis
Creates four cells that are unique
Used in sexual reproduction
Creates cells with 23 chromosomes
Creates gametes, or sex cells
73
Q

Asexual Reproduction Advantages

A

Organisms do not have to find a mate

Produces a great number of offspring

74
Q

Asexual Reproduction Disadvantages

A

Lacks genetic variety as all offspring are exact copies of the parent

Rapid reproduction can increase competition for resources such as nutrients, sunlight, and space

Low genetic variety can make a population more susceptible to disease

75
Q

Sexual Reproduction Advantages

A

Advantages:

Produces unique offspring
Genetic variety helps the organism adapt to changes in the environment

76
Q

Sexual Reproduction Disadvantages

A

Disadvantages:

Must find a mate to combine one gamete from each parent
Often produces a small number of offspring

77
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

the creation of offspring involving only one parent

the parent passes an identical set of its DNA to all offspring

all organisms that reproduce asexually are clones, or exact copies, of their parents

78
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

the creation of offspring involving two parents

both parents contribute a set of DNA that combines to create offspring

all organisms that reproduce sexually will produce unique offspring that share genetic material with the parents but are not exact copies

Science7 review (11 decks)

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