Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Science7 review > Mod 6 > Flashcards

Mod 6 Flashcards

1
Q

using technology to alter or change an organism’s genes, adding genes to or removing genes from an existing set of DNA

A

Genetic engineering:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid; genetic information in the cells of all living things

A

DNA:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the process of using egg cells from an individual to produce a new organism

A

Cloning:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

a scientific field that uses technology to purposefully change living things

A

Biotechnology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

also called selective breeding, selecting organisms with desired traits to breed producing offspring with the desired characteristics

A

Artificial selection:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are three different types of Biotechnology?

A

Genetic Engineering, cloning. artificial selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A Labradoodle is a result of what type of Biotechnology?

A

artificial selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

a variation of a specific gene that is coded in proteins and that, when joined with another allele, determines a trait

A

Allele:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

creation of offspring involving one parent

A

Asexual reproduction:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

location where two sister chromatids join to create a paired chromosome

A

Centromere:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

one of the two identical copies of DNA making up a duplicated chromosome, which are joined at a centromere

A

Chromatid:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

strands of DNA containing multiple genes; structures containing all the genetic information needed to make new cells

A

Chromosomes:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

a gene that will be expressed if a living thing inherits at least one dominant allele for a given trait

A

Dominant:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the specific genetic makeup of an individual, which cannot be observed

A

Genotype:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

proteins that make up DNA and include adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

A

Nucleotides:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

a large oval structure that controls all of a cell’s activities

A

Nucleus:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

any organized or specialized structure within a living cell

A

Organelle:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

observable traits that are expressed in an organism’s physical appearance

A

Phenotype:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

a gene that will be expressed if a living thing inherits both recessive alleles for a given trait

A

Recessive:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

creation of offspring involving two parents

A

Sexual reproduction:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

traits that are neither dominant nor recessive but are a combined variation of both

A

Codominant:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

a tool used to track inherited traits from one generation to the next

A

Pedigree chart:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

traits that are determined by more than one gene

A

Polygenic traits:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

a tool used to predict the probability of possible phenotypes of offspring when the genotypes of the parents are known

A

Punnett square:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
traits that are found on chromosomes that are unique to one sex; either male or female
Sex-linked traits:
26
: the third stage in mitosis, when the duplicated chromosomes move away from each other to opposite ends of the cell
Anaphase
27
occurs when DNA is copied and a cell divided to create new cells that are identical to the original
Binary fission:
28
creates a full set of genetically identical DNA as an attachment that later breaks off, creating a new, genetically identical organism
Budding:
29
the division of cytoplasm during mitosis
Cytokinesis:
30
new cell that results from any cellular division
Daughter cell:
31
a cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
Diploid:
32
occurs when a piece of an organism breaks off and grows into a fully functioning organism that is genetically identical to the original
Fragmentation:
33
sex cells like sperm and eggs
Gametes:
34
a cell that has half as many chromosomes as the parent cell
Haploid:
35
the resting phase of the cell cycle, during which the chromosomes may replicate in preparation for cellular division
Interphase:
36
the process of cell division that divides a cell into four new daughter cells, each with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell; this process creates gametes, or sex cells
Meiosis:
37
the second stage in mitosis, when the duplicated chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers and line up along the center of the cell
Metaphase:
38
: the process of cellular division in eukaryotes that creates two identical daughter cells
Mitosis
39
the original cell duplicates its genetic material and divides to create two new, identical daughter cells
Parent cell:
40
the first stage of mitosis, when the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes
Prophase:
41
: the final stage of mitosis, when the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes, creating two new daughter cells
Telophase
42
Which of the following statements is true? (3 points) a. A pedigree chart tracks inherited traits, and a Punnett square is used to predict the genotype of offspring b. A Punnett square tracks inherited traits, and a pedigree chart is used to predict the genotype of offspring. c. A pedigree chart predicts the percentage of offspring that will have a specific trait, and a Punnett square tracks which organisms are carriers for a specific trait. d. A Punnett square tracks family traits, and a pedigree chart identifies the phenotype of the organism.
a. A pedigree chart tracks inherited traits, and a Punnett square is used to predict the genotype of offspring
43
What does a completely filled circle represent on a pedigree chart? (3 points) a. A female carrier of a disease b. A male carrier of a disease c. A female with a disease d. A male with a disease
c. A female with a disease
44
A pea plant with round seeds (Rr) is crossbred with another pea plant with wrinkled seeds (rr). What is the probability of offspring having wrinkled seeds? (3 points) a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75%
c. 50%
45
Biotechnology is a scientific field that uses technology to purposefully change _______ things
living
46
______ are sections of DNA that code for specific traits or functions.
Genes
47
GMOs Benefits
Ability to create food that is resistant to pests, cold, and disease Greater food production volume and increased vitamins
48
GMOs Risks?
Concerns about long-term health risks Lack of regulation
49
Cloning Benefits
Ability to increase endangered animal populations Possibility of eliminating diseases and defective genes
50
Cloning risks
horter lifespan for cloned animals Greater chance of health issues for cloned animals
51
Artificial Selection Benefits
Allows for selection of desired traits Ability to create better versions of organisms
52
Artificial Selection risks
Loss of genetic diversity Increased chance of diseases that can shorten lifespan
53
Inside of cells are different parts that work together, called ______
organelles
54
. Inside the nucleus of each cell is genetic material called ______
DNA
55
Every ___ in a living organism, except for sex cells, contains a complete set of DNA.
cell
56
The _____ is like the control center of the cell that tells all the parts of the cell what to do. It also contains all the genetic information for the organism.
nucleus
57
_______are strands of DNA that are bundled up tightly containing proteins that create genes.
Chromosomes
58
When the DNA from each parent combines, the like chromosomes, called ______, pair up
chromatids
59
_____ are small sections of DNA that contain information for each specific trait an organism may inherit.
Genes
60
four possible protein bases are called what? and what are the pairing
cytosine, guanine, adenine, and thymine adenine always pairs with thymine and cytosine always pairs with guanine.
61
____ describes the specific genetic makeup of a living thing and cannot be observed
Genotype
62
_____describes the observable traits in the physical appearance of an organism
Phenotype
63
Who was Gregor Mendel | 1822–1884
Austrian monk and biologist Mendel crossbred different pea plants to show that factors, now called genes, decide which traits are passed on from parent plant to offspring plants. His observations led to the creation of the basic laws of inheritance, including dominant and recessive traits. He is credited with being the founding father of genetics.
64
A _____ ______ is a tool that uses the genotypes of the parents to predict the probability of the possible phenotypes of their offspring.
Punnett square
65
Scientists use a similar tool called a _____ _____ to track inherited traits between parents and offspring.
pedigree chart
66
Mitosis does not occur in gametes, or sex cells. True or false
true
67
What are the 4 stages of Mitosis in order
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
68
_____ is the division of the cytoplasm at the end of mitosis.
Cytokinesis
69
What are the steps of meiosis?
the process has two steps: meiosis I and meiosis II.
70
Meiosis I
During this step, cells go through prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I. The chromosomes condense and pair up. Chromatids may cross over, exchanging sections of DNA and forming new combinations of alleles. The two new daughter cells produced by meiosis I have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell but are different from each other and different from the parent cell.`
71
Meiosis II
During this step, the cells go through prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II. The sister chromatids pair up again in the middle. Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres, pulling each sister chromatid apart. This creates four new daughter cells that are haploid, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Each new cell created is different from each other and different from the parent cell. This process creates diversity in living things.
72
Sort each phrase to the correct location to determine if it is only true for mitosis or meiosis ``` Creates gametes, or sex cells Creates four cells that are unique Used in asexual reproduction Creates two cells that are identical Creates cells with 23 chromosomes Creates body cells, including skin and bone Used in sexual reproduction Creates cells with 46 chromosomes ```
``` Mitosis Creates two cells that are identical Used in asexual reproduction Creates cells with 46 chromosomes Creates body cells, including skin and bone ``` ``` Meiosis Creates four cells that are unique Used in sexual reproduction Creates cells with 23 chromosomes Creates gametes, or sex cells ```
73
Asexual Reproduction Advantages
Organisms do not have to find a mate | Produces a great number of offspring
74
Asexual Reproduction Disadvantages
Lacks genetic variety as all offspring are exact copies of the parent Rapid reproduction can increase competition for resources such as nutrients, sunlight, and space Low genetic variety can make a population more susceptible to disease
75
Sexual Reproduction Advantages
Advantages: Produces unique offspring Genetic variety helps the organism adapt to changes in the environment
76
Sexual Reproduction Disadvantages
Disadvantages: Must find a mate to combine one gamete from each parent Often produces a small number of offspring
77
Asexual Reproduction
the creation of offspring involving only one parent the parent passes an identical set of its DNA to all offspring all organisms that reproduce asexually are clones, or exact copies, of their parents
78
Sexual Reproduction
the creation of offspring involving two parents both parents contribute a set of DNA that combines to create offspring all organisms that reproduce sexually will produce unique offspring that share genetic material with the parents but are not exact copies

Science7 review (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions