Mod 3

Question 1

Using the location and depth of where a fossil is found to estimate age is called

Answer 1

the law of superposition

Question 2

Which of the following best displays the four major layers of Earth? (4 points)

a. Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust
b. Core, lithosphere, troposphere, crust
c. Outer core, inner core, mesosphere, crust
d. Core, asthenosphere, troposphere, crust

Answer 2

a. Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust

Question 3

Composite volcano

Answer 3

formed by a series of eruptions that form layers of ash and lava

Question 4

Scientists find the same type of index fossil in two different locations on Earth. What can they conclude from this discovery?

Answer 4

The index fossils are the same geological age.

Question 5

If Earth was like a hardboiled egg, which part of Earth would the egg shell represent and why? (4 points)

a. Crust, as its depth is up to 3,000 kilometers
b. Mantle, as its depth is up to 3,000 kilometers
c. Mantle, as its depth is less than 100 kilometers
d. Crust, as its depth is less than 100 kilometers

Answer 5

d. Crust, as its depth is less than 100 kilometers

Question 6

Body waves

Answer 6

seismic waves that travel through Earth’s interior

Question 7

What process uses atomic particles of carbon and uranium to determine exact age?

Answer 7

Radioactive dating

Question 8

Cinder cone volcano

Answer 8

formed when there is a violent eruption that contains a great deal of ash and cinders

Question 9

Accretion

Answer 9

new land that is formed beneath the plates from divergent boundaries

Question 10

Scientists have discovered that the inner core of Earth is a solid while the outer core is a liquid. What is the cause of this observation? (4 points)

a. The outer core has a higher temperature and more pressure than the inner core
b. The outer core has a lower temperature and lower pressure than the inner core
c. The inner core has a lower temperature and higher pressure than the outer core
d. The inner core has a higher temperature and lower pressure than the outer core

Answer 10

b. The outer core has a lower temperature and lower pressure than the inner core

Question 11

Continental drift:

Answer 11

states that all of the continents were once joined together into a single, giant landmass named Pangea; now called the theory of plate tectonics

Question 12

Convergent boundary:

Answer 12

Convergent boundary: occurs when tectonic plates move towards each other and slowly collide

Question 13

The _____ temperature and the _____ pressure on Earth’s inner core force it to remain a solid. (4 points)

a. high, low
b. low, high
c. low, low
d. high, high

Answer 13

d. high, high

Question 14

Scientists discovered that the inner core of Earth is a solid. Explain what evidence supports this thinking. Be sure to include how pressure, temperature, and density play a role. (4 points)

Answer 14

They noticed it was solid when they used a seismograph and saw that the waves were behaving as they would when going through/near a solid.
The core is solid because of the high pressure making it denser and even though it’s hot it needs a higher temperature to melt due to the high pressure.

Question 15

Two students below described a part of Earth’s middle layer:

Bob: The deepest part
Joe: The semi-fluid part

Which part of the middle layer did Bob and Joe describe? (4 points)

a. They both described the mesosphere.
b. They both described the asthenosphere.
c. Bob described the mesosphere and Joe described the asthenosphere.
d. Bob described the asthenosphere and Joe described the mesosphere.

Answer 15

c. Bob described the mesosphere and Joe described the asthenosphere.

Question 16

Earthquake

Answer 16

Earthquake: movement of tectonic plates causing a force and release of energy in the form of seismic waves

Question 17

Mantle

Answer 17

Mantle: the layer that is directly below Earth’s crust and is divided into three parts: lithosphere, asthenosphere, and mesosphere

Question 18

Fault-block mountain:

Answer 18

Fault-block mountain: forms on fault lines causing the land above to crack, rising and falling to create jagged edges and step cliffs

Question 19

Lithosphere

Answer 19

Lithosphere: the rigid, solid upper mantle connected to Earth’s crust

Question 20

Inner core

Answer 20

Inner core: the inner most solid layer of Earth

Question 21

Divergent boundary:

Answer 21

Divergent boundary: occurs when tectonic plates move apart from one another

Question 22

Fault

Answer 22

Fault: a deep crack in the ground that extends deep in Earth’s crust; found at areas where the tectonic plates meet

Question 23

Pangea

Answer 23

Pangea: an ancient, single landmass composed of all the continents

Question 24

Atom

Answer 24

Atom: the smallest unit of an element that makes up all matter

Question 25

Love wave:

Answer 25

Love wave: seismic wave that causes the exterior ground to move side to side; travels only through solids

Question 26

Density

Answer 26

Density: the measure of mass per volume; the number of particles in a given space

Question 27

Mesosphere

Answer 27

Mesosphere: the solid lower layer of the mantle

Question 28

Primary wave:

Answer 28

Primary wave: seismic wave that causes the interior of Earth to squeeze and stretch like a slinky; travels through solids and liquids

Question 29

Carbon

Answer 29

Carbon: an element present in all living things, like plants and animals

Question 30

Crust

Answer 30

Crust: the hard, rigid outermost layer of Earth

Question 31

Folded mountain:

Answer 31

Folded mountain: created when plates move causing the land above to fold creating waves, twists, and turns in the rock

Question 32

Deposition

Answer 32

Deposition: the process by which sediments, soil, rocks, or other Earth debris are added to a landform

Question 33

Seafloor spreading:

Answer 33

Seafloor spreading: divergent boundaries in plates under the sea

Question 34

Half-life:

Answer 34

Half-life: the time taken for the radioactive decay of an element to occur

Question 35

Rayleigh wave

Answer 35

Rayleigh wave: seismic wave that causes the exterior ground to rise and fall; travels only through solids

Question 36

Convection currents:

Answer 36

Convection currents: movement of liquid or gaseous matter in a circular motion caused by a difference in temperature; warm rises and cool sinks, causing a circular current

Question 37

Index fossils:

Answer 37

Index fossils: remains of organisms that existed only for a specific period of time and are used as guides for age analysis

Question 38

Secondary wave:

Answer 38

Secondary wave: seismic wave that causes interior of Earth to move side to side; travels only through solids

Question 39

Law of superposition:

Answer 39

Law of superposition: rocks are deposited in sequence with the oldest rock layers on the bottom and the youngest rock layers on the top

Question 40

Subduction

Answer 40

Subduction: when one plate moves over the other and pushes it deep into the mantle

Question 41

Outer core:

Answer 41

Outer core: the liquid layer located between the mantle and the inner core

Question 42

Oceanic crust:

Answer 42

Oceanic crust: the parts of Earth's crust located beneath the ocean that make up the seafloor

Question 43

Shield volcano

Answer 43

Shield volcano: formed when several slow, gentle eruptions cool and form layers of lava

Question 44

Theory of plate tectonics:

Answer 44

Theory of plate tectonics: states that all of the continents on Earth were once connected creating one big landmass named Pangea; was once called the continental drift theory

Question 45

Pressure

Answer 45

Pressure: the amount of force on a substance

Question 46

Surface waves:

Answer 46

Surface waves: seismic waves that can only travel along the surface of the ground

Question 47

Seismograph

Answer 47

Seismograph: instrument used to measure earthquake waves

Question 48

Seismic waves

Answer 48

Seismic waves: release of energy when two tectonic plates interact

Question 49

Radioactive decay

Answer 49

Radioactive decay: the process by which the nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy by emitting radiation in order to become stable

Question 50

Tectonic plates

Answer 50

Tectonic plates: the layer of Earth that is split into large pieces; it floats on the asthenosphere and moves due to convection currents

Question 51

Transform boundary:

Answer 51

Transform boundary: occurs when tectonic plates slide past each other

Question 52

Strata

Answer 52

Strata: layers in rock

Question 53

Volcano

Answer 53

Volcano: formed when lava or ash builds up over time

Question 54

Asthenosphere

Answer 54

Asthenosphere: a transition zone beneath the lithosphere that is semi-fluid, sometimes referred to as the plastic layer

Question 55

Uranium

Answer 55

Uranium: an element present in nonliving things, like rocks and artifacts

Question 56

Continental crust:

Answer 56

Continental crust: all the parts of Earth's crust that are not beneath the ocean

Question 57

Which of these is a characteristic of index fossils? (7 points) a. Found in the topmost rock layer b. Found in many layers of the same rock c. Have already established relative age d. Are limited to a particular geographic location

Answer 57

c. Have already established relative age

Question 58

Which layer is between the crust and the asthenosphere? (7 points) a. Inner core b. Lithosphere c. Mesosphere d. Outer core

Answer 58

b. Lithosphere

Question 59

The movement of tectonic plates in two locations is described below: Location A: Tectonic plates collide and one plate moves over the other while the other plate is pushed deep into the mantle Location B: Tectonic plates slide past each other Which statement is most likely correct? (7 points) a. Volcanic eruptions may occur in both locations. b. There is no chance of earthquakes in the two locations. c. Mountains may form in Location B but not in Location A. d. Subduction happens in Location A but not in Location B.

Answer 59

d. Subduction happens in Location A but not in Location B.

Question 60

Millions of years ago, the Indian plate began pushing gradually towards the Eurasian plate. The land above started rising in various patterns. Which physical feature most likely resulted from such a motion? (7 points) a. Fault block mountain with waves, twists, and turns b. Fault block mountain with jagged, rough edges c. Folded mountain with waves, twists, and turns d. Folded mountain with jagged, rough edges

Answer 60

c. Folded mountain with waves, twists, and turns

Question 61

Which of these describes a method in studying plate movements? (7 points) a. Observing absence of magnetic rocks in locations that do not match the poles b. Match relief elements only on the western side of the Atlantic Ocean c. Recording the spread of the seafloor in the mid-Atlantic region d. Correlate the rotation of Earth to plate movement

Answer 61

c. Recording the spread of the seafloor in the mid-Atlantic region

Question 62

Which of the following evidence supports the theory of plate tectonics? (7 points) a. Age of rocks and mountains b. Fossils c. Magnetism d. Size and shape of continents

Answer 62

c. Magnetism

Question 63

Which of the following provides evidence that supports the theory of plate tectonics? (7 points) a. Glacier movement :b. Matching fossils c. Seafloor spreading d. Types and ages of rocks

Answer 63

c. Seafloor spreading