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Science7 review > Mod 2 > Flashcards

Mod 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Biological interactions

A

he effects that the organisms in a community have on one another

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2
Q

Commensalism

A

a relationship in which one organism benefits while the other organism is neither helped nor harmed

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3
Q

Competition

A

when two or more organisms need the same resource (food, water, space, territory, mates) for survival

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4
Q

Ecosystem

A

all living and nonliving things that interact with each other in an environment

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5
Q

Host

A

an organism that harbors another organism (parasite) inside or near its own body, typically providing nourishment and shelter for the parasite

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6
Q

Mutualism

A

a relationship in which two organisms benefit from each other

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7
Q

Parasitism

A

a relationship in which one organism benefits while the other organism is harmed

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8
Q

Parasite

A

an organism that lives inside or near another organism (host), typically using the host for nourishment and shelter

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9
Q

Predation

A

a biological interaction in which a predator feeds on its prey

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10
Q

Predator

A

an organism that kills and eats other organisms (prey)

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11
Q

Prey

A

an organism that is killed and/or eaten by another organism (predator)

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12
Q

Symbiosis

A

the relationship between two organisms that live together in an environment

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13
Q

Abiotic factor

A

all nonliving things in an ecosystem, including water, rocks, sunlight, weather, natural disasters, oxygen, space, hunting, and shelter

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14
Q

Biotic factors

A

all living things in an ecosystem, including animals, bacteria, plants, fungi, and other living species

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15
Q

Infectious agents

A

things that gain access to other living organisms, causing harm

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16
Q

Limiting factors

A

the living and nonliving things present in an ecosystem that prevent a population from growing beyond a certain size, including food, water, available mates, and predators

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17
Q

Native population

A

a species specially adapted to survive in the specific environment where they were born

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18
Q

Deposition

A

the process in which sediments, soil, rocks, or other earth debris are added to a landform

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19
Q

Erosion

A

he process by which rock, soil, and other weathered materials are moved from one place to another

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20
Q

Evolution

A

explains how new organisms arise, how existing organisms adapt to new conditions over time, and how natural conditions on Earth change over time

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21
Q

Extinct

A

no longer exists

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22
Q

Fossil record

A

history of life documented by fossils

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23
Q

Fossils

A

remains of living things trapped in layers of sediment, in ice, or on the seafloor

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24
Q

Geologic time

A

a way to measure the sequence of significant events on Earth over time

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25
Q

Natural processes

A

processes existing in or produced by nature, including weathering, erosion, mountain formation, volcanic activity, and plate tectonics

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26
Q

Theory of evolution

A

states that living things change slowly over time in response to changes in their environment

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27
Q

Weathering

A

the process by which rocks and other surfaces are broken down by physical or chemical processes

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28
Q

Gene

A

strands of DNA that determine a single inherited trait

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29
Q

Genetic variation

A

the variety of genes that may be inherited in a population of a species

30
Q

Law

A

a descriptive statement or equation that accurately predicts a natural event or process that always occurs under certain conditions

31
Q

Natural phenomena

A

any state or process known or observed through evidence gathered using the five senses

32
Q

Natural selection

A

a mechanism for the evolution of a population to become better adapted for survival in a specific environment

33
Q

Theory

A

the explanation for a natural process or phenomenon that is well-supported using a large quantity of empirical evidence, including observations, experimentation, and reasoning

34
Q

Trait

A

feature or characteristic that is inherited

35
Q

What is the organism that kills and eats other organisms for food called?

A

PredatorThis

36
Q

Which relationship occurs when organisms need the same resource that is in limited supply?

A

CompetitionThis

37
Q

Which of these is most likely true for two organisms, A and B, in mutualism? (3 points)

a. A and B are helped
b. A and B are harmed
c. A is harmed, B is helped
d. A is helped, B is unaffected

A

a. A and B are helped

38
Q

Brent made the table shown to describe two different relationships between animals.

Organism Interactions
Relationship A
One organism eats another

Relationship B
One organism gains a resource that the other loses

Which of the following statements is most likely correct? (3 points)

a. Relationship A is competition and Relationship B is mutualism.
b. Relationship A is predation and Relationship B is competition.
c. Relationship A is mutualism and Relationship B is competition.
d. Relationship A is commensalism and Relationship B is mutualism.

A

b. Relationship A is predation and Relationship B is competition.

39
Q

Which of the following natural processes caused rocks and other surfaces to be broken down by freezing and expanding of ice? (3 points)

a. Chemical weathering
b. Deposition
:c. Erosion
d. Mechanical weathering

A

Mechanical weathering

40
Q

If the age of the lowermost layer of a rock sample is more than 2 million years, which of the following could be the age of the upper layers? (3 points)

a. Less than 1 million.
b. Greater than 3.5 million
c. Between 2 million and 3 million
d. Between 3 million and 3.5 million

A

a. Less than 1 million.

41
Q

Which statement is most likely correct about two rocks belonging to the same age, one containing fossils of an amphibian and the other containing fossils of mosses? (3 points)

a. They were exposed to agents of erosion like wind.
b. The amphibian and mosses belonged to the same age.
c. They contain the oldest fossil in the topmost layer of the rock.
d. The rocks are of different types because they have different fossils.

A

b. The amphibian and mosses belonged to the same age.

42
Q

Which of the following is used as evidence to show changes in living organisms throughout geologic time? (3 points)

a. Fossils
b. Lava
c. Sediments
d. Volcano

A

a. Fossils

43
Q

Which of the following changed scientists’ original thoughts about humans? (3 points)

a. Discovery of fossils of Dakota
b. Discovery of Ötzi the Iceman
c. Information from sand in the Gobi Desert
d. Information in the rocks of the Grand Canyon

A

b. Discovery of Ötzi the Iceman

44
Q

Which of the following statements proves that scientific knowledge changed due to the discovery of the fossil of a hadrosaur in North Dakota? (3 points)

a. Hadrosaurs were better runners than earlier thought.
b. Hadrosaurs had no pattern on their skin as expected.
c. The length of the hadrosaur was shorter than previously thought.
d. The muscular structure of hadrosaurs was less developed than expected.

A

a. Hadrosaurs were better runners than earlier thought.

45
Q

Scientists can use rock layers to determine which of the following? (3 points)

a. The mass of Earth
b. The size of Earth
c. The age of Earth
d. The amount of land on Earth

A

c. The age of Earth

46
Q

Fossils in _______ layers of rock are generally estimated to be _______ than fossils found in the deeper layers. (3 points)

a. older, younger
b. newer, younger
c. older, older
d. newer, older

A

b. newer, younger

47
Q

New evidence can lead to a change in scientific knowledge. (3 points)

True
False

A

true

48
Q

While visiting the Grand Canyon, you observe the exposed layers of rock in the valley. What natural process most likely caused the valley to form? (3 points)

a. Deposition
b. Chemical weathering
c. Oxidation
d. Erosion

A

d. Erosion

49
Q

How are scientists able to use fossils of extinct organisms as evidence? (3 points)

a. Fossils show exactly how all extinct organisms are related to all organisms alive today.
b. Fossils provide weak evidence and are rarely used to show ancestry and relationships to present-day organisms.
c. Fossils can help scientists trace physical changes and compare how organisms looked over time.
d. Fossils that are deeper in the earth provide better evidence than fossils that are found closer to the surface.

A

c. Fossils can help scientists trace physical changes and compare how organisms looked over time

50
Q

Which of the following statements proves that scientific knowledge changed due to the discovery of ötzi the Iceman? (3 points)

a. It justified the existence of humans on Earth several billion years ago.
b. It showed that technology is incapable of gathering correct data for analysis.
c. The discovery proved that fossils provide unreliable information about the past.
d. The fossil provided new evidence about human lifestyles thousands of years ago.

A

d. The fossil provided new evidence about human lifestyles thousands of years ago.

51
Q

Geologic time is a way to _______. (3 points)

a. measure the size of Earth over time
b. measure the sequence of events on Earth over time
c. determine natural processes
d. determine common ancestry in fossils

A

:b. measure the sequence of events on Earth over time

52
Q

Fossils in _______ layers of rock are generally estimated to be _______ than fossils found in the upper layers. (3 points)

a. older, younger
b. newer, younger
c. older, older
d. newer, older

A

c. older, older

53
Q

While visiting Wave Rock in Australia, you observe streaks of minerals present on the landform. What natural process most likely caused the streaking? (3 points)

a. Erosion
b. Deposition
c. Oxidation
d. Weathering

A

b. Deposition

54
Q

Which habitat characteristic belonging to four different fossil ancestors of the whale makes the ancestor most similar to the whale? (3 points)

a. Tree-dwelling
b. Ocean-dwelling
c. Desert-dwelling
d. Lake-dwelling

A

b. Ocean-dwelling

55
Q

Which of the following statements proves that new discoveries can change the current understanding of scientific knowledge? (3 points)

a. ötzi the Iceman changed the scientific idea of how matter are fossilized.
b. ötzi the Iceman gave information about the effect of ice on decomposed matter.
c. The hadrosaur in North Dakota proved that information in fossils are unreliable.
d. The hadrosaur, nicknamed Dakota, provided evidence about the correct dimensions of the hadrosaur.

A

d. The hadrosaur, nicknamed Dakota, provided evidence about the correct dimensions of the hadrosaur.

56
Q

What type of relationship exists between two organisms when one organism benefits from the relationship and the other organism becomes prey? (4 points)

a. Commensalism
b. Competition
c. Mutualism
d. Predation

A

d. Predation

57
Q

Which of these is a harmful interaction? (4 points)

a. Competition
b. Mutualism
c. Commensalism
d. Symbiosis

A

a. Competition

58
Q

Which of these is an example of mutualism? (4 points)

a. Cattle egret eats the exposed insects as the cattle graze
b. Honeybee pollinates a flower while gathering nectar
c. Tick gains nourishment by sucking blood from a dog
d. Two bucks fight to gain territory and to gain a mate

A

b. Honeybee pollinates a flower while gathering nectar

59
Q

Which factors are most likely to limit population growth in the Atacama desert? (4 points)

a. High moisture and lack of sunlight
b. High moisture and excessive sunlight
c. High temperature and low precipitation
d. High temperature and high precipitation

A

c. High temperature and low precipitation

60
Q

Which of these is an abiotic infectious agent? (4 points)

a. Bacteria
b. Fungi
c. Parasites
d. Viruses

A

:d. Viruses

61
Q

A scientist is designing an investigation to study the impact of fungal disease on the population of mountain yellow-legged frog in a recreational nature park. What is most likely the outcome variable (dependent variable) for the study? (4 points)

a. Frog population
b. Fish population
c. Disease-controlled habitat
d. Native habitat in natural setting

A

a. Frog population

62
Q

Which of these serves as a reference for comparison during a scientific investigation? (4 points)

a. Outcome variable (dependent variable)
b. Test variable (independent variable)
c. Control group
d. Hypothesis

A

c. Control group

63
Q

Which physical evidence supports the evolution of Earth due to deposition? (4 points)

a. Red color of Thor’s Hammer
b. Concave shape of Wave Rock
c. Streaks of minerals on the face of Wave Rock
d. Broader tip than base of Thor’s Hammer

A

c. Streaks of minerals on the face of Wave Rock

64
Q

While visiting Thor’s Hammer in Bryce Canyon National park, you observe red coloring on the landform. What natural process most likely caused the red coloring? (4 points)

a. Chemical weathering
b. Deposition
c. Erosion
d. Mechanical weathering

A

a. Chemical weathering

65
Q

A scientist studied four pieces of fossil evidence that show the evolution of the modern-day man. These date back to 2 million years, 1 million years, 0.5 million years, and 0.25 million years ago. Which fossil is the least similar to the modern-day man? (4 points)

a. 0.25 million years
b. 0.5 million years
c. 1 million years
d. 2 million years

A

d. 2 million years

66
Q

The viceroy butterfly is not poisonous but has coloration that is almost identical to the poisonous monarch butterfly. Which type of adaptation does this describe? (4 points)

a. Camouflage
b. Warning coloration
c. Mimicry
d. Chemical defense

A

c. Mimicry

67
Q

Based on the discovery of Ötzi the Iceman in 1991, which statement about the nature of scientific knowledge is true? (4 points)

a. It is permanent.
b. It is changeable.
c. New evidence is often disregarded.
d. New evidence always confirms the previous evidence.

A

b. It is changeable.

68
Q

Turtle X has a hard, sharp beak with a short neck; and Turtle Y has no beak and has a very long neck. What is the correct typical diet for the two turtles? (4 points)

a. Turtle X and Turtle Y break nuts and dig for food on the ground.
b. Turtle X and Turtle Y reach for food higher up on bushes and trees.
c. Turtle X reaches for food higher up on bushes and trees; and Turtle Y breaks nuts and digs for food on the ground.
d. Turtle X breaks nuts and digs for food on the ground; and Turtle Y reaches for food higher up on bushes and trees.

A

d. Turtle X breaks nuts and digs for food on the ground; and Turtle Y reaches for food higher up on bushes and trees.

69
Q

A scientist is designing an investigation to study the impact of the neck length of tortoises on survival rates in the Galapagos islands. What is most likely the outcome variable (dependent variable) in this investigation? (4 points)

a. Neck length
b. Survival rate
c. Number of predators
d. Galapagos island environment

A

b. Survival rate

70
Q

Which of these is a piece of evidence supporting the theory of evolution? (4 points)

a. Ostriches resemble armadillos.
b. Armadillos resemble emus.
c. Glyptodons resemble armadillos
d. Finches resemble glyptodons.

A

c. Glyptodons resemble armadillos

71
Q

Given the recent evidence suggesting that species change due to certain genetic variations, which of these is true? (4 points)

a. Darwin’s theory of evolution was wrong.
b. Natural selection cannot cause evolution.
c. Mutation and natural selection both cause changes in a population.
d. Changes in a population occur abruptly as a response to the environment.

A

c. Mutation and natural selection both cause changes in a population.

72
Q

Which description justifies why the theory of evolution is a theory and not a law? (4 points)

a. Explains how organisms change in response to the environment
b. Predicts which organism is best suited to the environment
c. Supported by a small amount of empirical evidence
d. With more evidence it will become a law

A

a. Explains how organisms change in response to the environment

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