Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AS biology > mock exam > Flashcards

mock exam Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the structure of a protein?

A

polymer of amino acids
joined by peptide bonds
formed by condensation
primary structure in order of amino acids
secondary structure is folding of polypeptide chain due to hydrogen bonding
tertiary structure is 3D folding due to hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does the nucleus contain?

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what three components does the nucleus have?

A

nuclear envelope
nucleoplasm
nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does the nuclear envelope allow?

A

the passage of large molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does the nucleoplasm contain?

A

chromatin which condensed to chromosomes in cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are nucleolus?

A

in the nucleus, sites of formation of rRNA - consistent of ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the function of mitochondrian?

A

produce ATP in aerobic respiration. some of these reactions are in the matrix or inner memebrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the mitochondria made up of?

A

two membranes folded in to from cristae

ribosomes so they can make their own proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

has ribosomes on outer surface and transports proteins made there.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do

A

contains membranes that lack ribosomes , associated with synthesis and transport of lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are ribosomes important for?

A

protein synthesis as they are the site of translation where mRNA is used to assemble the polypeptide chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are functions of the golgi body?

A

-secreting carbohydrates eg for the formation of plant cell walls
produces glycoprotein
transports and stores lipids
forms lysosomes containing digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

small vacuoles and are formed by being pinched off from the golgi body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are centrioles?

A

located outside nucleus
2 rings of microtubules
together = centrosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are vacuole?

A

contains cell sap - solution which stores glucose amino acids and minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what functions does the cell wall have?

A

transport - gaps between cellulose fibres make cell wall fully permeable to water and dissolved molecules and ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do lipids contain?

A

carbon hydrogen oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are lipids…therefore?

A

non-polar compounds therefore are soluble in water but dissolve in organic solvents such as alcohols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are triglycerides made up of?

A

glycerol molecule and three fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how do the fatty acids join in a triglycerides

A

condensation reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what bonds are in triglycerides

A

ester bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a phospholipid?

A

special type of lipid - 1 phosphate that is hydrophilic

2 fatty acids - hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what properties of lipids

A

if hydrocarbon chain has single carbon bonds = saturated

if carbon bonds aren’t one = unsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the roles of lipids - phospholipids?

A
  • insulation of axons of nerve cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the roles of lipids - triglycerides?

A

energy reserves in both plants and animals
thermal insulation
fat - around delicate organs

26
Q

what is the test lipids?

A

mix ethanol and shake with water

positive = white emulsion

27
Q

what is water potential?

A

measure of free energy of water molecules and is the tendency for water to move

28
Q

what is water potential measured in?

A

kilopascals kPa

29
Q

what water potential does pure water have?

A

zero as it has no tendency to move

30
Q

what is it called when the water potential is only related to the concentration of the solution?

A

the solute potential 🌵

31
Q

what does the solute potential measure?

A

how easily water molecules move out of a solution , the more solute present the more tightly water molecules are held , so a higher concentration has a lower more negative solute potential

32
Q

what does the pressure potential mean?

A

a force which increases the tendency of water to move out making the cell turgid

33
Q

water potential of s cell =??

A

pressure potential + solute potential

34
Q

explain DNA replication?

A

chromosomes make copies of themselves so that when cells divide each daughter cells receives an exact copy of genetic cell

35
Q

when does this copying of the DNA take place?

A

takes place in nucleus during interphase

36
Q

what is conservative replication?

A

where the parental double helix remains intact and a whole new double helix is made

37
Q

what does semi conservative replication mean?

A

parental double helix separates into two strands

38
Q

what is dispersive replication?

A

when two double gloves contain fragments from both stands of parental double helix

39
Q

what does the enzyme helicase do?

A

unwinds DNA and bind nucleus acids and nuclei is acid protein complexes.

40
Q

what else do helixase do?

A

they separate double stranded DNA into single strands allowing each strand to be copied

41
Q

what are enzymes?

A

globular proteins that are catalysts

42
Q

what do enzymes do?

A

sped up reactions
not used up
not changed
high turn over number

43
Q

what is enzyme inhibition?

A

the decr se in rate of an enzyme controlled action

44
Q

what is a competitive inhibitor?

A

has a molecular shape complementary to its active site like the substrate it therefore they compete for the active site

45
Q

what is a non competitive inhibitor?

A

they bind to enzymes at an allosteric site so they don’t need to compete with substrate therefore no enzyme substrate complexes form so enzymes denature

46
Q

what is the progress of an enzyme controlled reaction?

A

1 substrate enters active site and are held by weak bonds
2 substrates are converted to products and products are released
3 active site available for two new substrate molecules

starts all over again

47
Q

what are the limiting factors for enzyme controlled reactions?

A

rate of an enzyme

48
Q

what are the limiting factors in enzyme?

A

concentration of substrate and enzyme , temperature and PH

49
Q

different enzymes have different…

A

optimum temperatures

50
Q

the rate of reaction can be increased by…?

A

adding more substrate because in a low substrate many active sites are empty the

51
Q

what happens when all active sites are occupied?

A

reaction rate rises

52
Q

what does an immobilised enzyme mean?

A

when enzymes are fixed or bound to s particular substance

53
Q

why are immobilised enzymes used in industry?

A

can easily be reused

54
Q

what does the order of units go?

A

M CM MM funny nm nm

55
Q

what are the numbers above

A

x 100 x 10 x1000 x1000

56
Q

what are nucleotide make up of

A

phosphate - circle
sugar - hexagon
base - rectangle

57
Q

what does ATP contain?

A

base adenine, sugar ribose and three phosphate groups

58
Q

what roles does ATP have?

A
  • metabolic processes - build large molecules
  • active transport
  • movement - for muscle contraction
59
Q

what is DNA composed of?

A

two polynucleotides strands wound around eachother in a double helix

60
Q

what complementary base pairs are there?

A

adenine + thymine

guanine + cytosine

AS biology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions