2.1 - classification and biodiversity Flashcards
what is meant by a phylogenetic method?
group organisms by the evolutionary history- e.g. organisms in the same group have a more closely related ancestor
describe what is meant by a phylogenetic tree?
diagram showing evolutionary decent with living organisms at the tip and those in the drunk no longer exist
draw the phylogenetic tree of all living organisms.
eubacteria,,,,,,,,,archaea ,, plants ,, animals ,, fungi
in the phylogenetic tree of all living organisms what are prokaryotes?
eubacteria and archaea
in the phylogenetic tree of all living organisms what are eukaryotes?
plants, animals an fungi
what is meant by taxonomy?
identification and naming of all organisms
what is meant by a taxon?
any group within a system of classification (group of organisms)
how does the hierarchy of biological classification go?
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
moving down the hierarchy from domain to species organisms in the species are more…?
closely related
give an example of the taxon: domain.
Eukaryota
give an example of the taxon: kingdom.
Animalia
give an example of the taxon: phylum.
chordata
give an example of the taxon: genus.
homo
give an example of the taxon: species.
sapiens
state 3 reasons why we need a classification system.
- allows us to infer on close relationships
- new animal discovered we can predict other features
- easier to communicate e.g. quicker to say bird rather tan vertebrae egg laying with beak and feathers
what are the 3 domains of all living things?
eubacteria, archaea, eukaryota
what is meant by eubacteria?
familier bacteria E - they are prokaryotes
what is meant by archaea?
bacteria and have unusual metabolism
what is meant by eukaryota?
plantae, animalia, fungi and protoctisa
how do the 5 kingdoms classify their organisms?
basis of physical appearance
what are the 5 kingdoms?
prokaryota, plantae, Animalia, fungi and protoctisa; therefore the domain eukaryota makes up 4 of the kingdoms
what is a phylum?
sub-group of a kingdom - members of each phylum have a distinct body plan
what is a class?
sub-group of phylum
what is a order?
sub-group of class
what is a family?
a group within an order
what is a genus?
group of similar organisms
what is a species?
group of species sharing lots of physical features and able to interbreed to make fertile offspring
what is meant by the kingdom: prokaryota?
contains all bacteria
what is meant by the kingdom: protoctista?
plankton, algae, seaweeds
what is meant by the kingdom: plantae?
mosses, ferns, flowering plants
what is meant by the kingdom: fungi?
yeast, moulds (penicillium) and mushrooms
what is meant by the kingdom: animaila?
range of body plans to which at some stage in life are mobile
when deciding how closely related organisms are what do biologists look for?
homologous structure: similar bone structures although it may have different function
what is an example of a homologous structure?
pentadactyl in the vertebrae. birds mammals amphibians reptiles have it but they all have different functions; flying swimming walking, this is DIVERGENT EVOLUTION
what is an example of convergent evolution why?
butterfly sparrow bat- all have wings but one is a insect, a bird and a mammal. - do not share common ancestor but perform the same function
what is an analogous structure?
have the same functions and similar shape but different developmental origins
what is DNA analysis?
a method when two DNA base sequence are compared to see how closely related a species is
what is DNA hybridisation and how is it done?
two DNA bases compared to work out how related are: DNA extracted , cut into fragments, then mixed, were they have complementary base sequences they will hybridise
how can you assess how related a species is with immunology?
proteins compared: mix antigens of one species with antibodies of another, if they make a precipitate the more closely related they are
when we are using the word species what are the two definitions we use to help describe it?
morphological and reproductive definition
what is meant by the morphological definition?
look similarities but sexual dimorphism has to be taken into account
what is meant by the reproductive definition?
if they can interbreed to make fertile offspring
what is meant by the binomial system?
system giving organisms a unique name with two parts, the genus and species
what are three advantages of the binomial system?
- unambiguous naming
- based on Latin- can be used all over world
- implies two species sharing part of name is closely related
name three features of the binomial system?
- genus is the first word and has a capital letter
- species is second and does not have capital letter
- when writing both names handwritten - has to be in italics and underlined
what is the definition of biodiversity?
the number of species and the number of individuals in each species in a specific region
give an example of biodiversity.
plants grow at more light intensity - more in bright environment - an support more herbivores and therefore more carnivores
what are three main reason biodiversity can increase or decrease?
- succession- organisms change habitat making suitable more other species
- natural selection
- human influence
give one example of how biodiversity has decreased because of human influences?
rivers polluted by industrial chemicals. Yangtze River dolphin declared extinct in 2006.
how has humans also restored and enhanced biodiversity?
built built on river thames so fish seals and even dolphins could live there
what are the issues of biodiversity decreasing?
- small number of plants that provide food
- medicinal drugs derived from plants and fungi
- living organisms proved raw materials- cotton
what is a genes position on a chromosome called?
its locus
when does the locus show polymorphism?
if it has two or more alleles
DNA fingerprints shows a lot of variation when…?
there is a biodiverse population
what is meant by natural selection?
gradual process in which inherited characteristics become more or less common in population in response to the environment
give an example of a anatomical trait of a shark.
streamlined body - more efficient catching food or escaping predators
give an example of a physiological trait of a plant.
leaves fall off in autumn - do not lose water by transpiration - not at risk of dehydration throughout winter
give an example of a behavioural trait of a flamingo.
put on a elaborate dance - increases animal chance of reproducing
