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AS biology > 2.1 - classification and biodiversity > Flashcards

2.1 - classification and biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

what is meant by a phylogenetic method?

A

group organisms by the evolutionary history- e.g. organisms in the same group have a more closely related ancestor

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2
Q

describe what is meant by a phylogenetic tree?

A

diagram showing evolutionary decent with living organisms at the tip and those in the drunk no longer exist

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3
Q

draw the phylogenetic tree of all living organisms.

A

eubacteria,,,,,,,,,archaea ,, plants ,, animals ,, fungi

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4
Q

in the phylogenetic tree of all living organisms what are prokaryotes?

A

eubacteria and archaea

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5
Q

in the phylogenetic tree of all living organisms what are eukaryotes?

A

plants, animals an fungi

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6
Q

what is meant by taxonomy?

A

identification and naming of all organisms

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7
Q

what is meant by a taxon?

A

any group within a system of classification (group of organisms)

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8
Q

how does the hierarchy of biological classification go?

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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9
Q

moving down the hierarchy from domain to species organisms in the species are more…?

A

closely related

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10
Q

give an example of the taxon: domain.

A

Eukaryota

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11
Q

give an example of the taxon: kingdom.

A

Animalia

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12
Q

give an example of the taxon: phylum.

A

chordata

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13
Q

give an example of the taxon: genus.

A

homo

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14
Q

give an example of the taxon: species.

A

sapiens

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15
Q

state 3 reasons why we need a classification system.

A
  • allows us to infer on close relationships
  • new animal discovered we can predict other features
  • easier to communicate e.g. quicker to say bird rather tan vertebrae egg laying with beak and feathers
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16
Q

what are the 3 domains of all living things?

A

eubacteria, archaea, eukaryota

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17
Q

what is meant by eubacteria?

A

familier bacteria E - they are prokaryotes

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18
Q

what is meant by archaea?

A

bacteria and have unusual metabolism

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19
Q

what is meant by eukaryota?

A

plantae, animalia, fungi and protoctisa

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20
Q

how do the 5 kingdoms classify their organisms?

A

basis of physical appearance

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21
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms?

A

prokaryota, plantae, Animalia, fungi and protoctisa; therefore the domain eukaryota makes up 4 of the kingdoms

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22
Q

what is a phylum?

A

sub-group of a kingdom - members of each phylum have a distinct body plan

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23
Q

what is a class?

A

sub-group of phylum

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24
Q

what is a order?

A

sub-group of class

25
Q

what is a family?

A

a group within an order

26
Q

what is a genus?

A

group of similar organisms

27
Q

what is a species?

A

group of species sharing lots of physical features and able to interbreed to make fertile offspring

28
Q

what is meant by the kingdom: prokaryota?

A

contains all bacteria

29
Q

what is meant by the kingdom: protoctista?

A

plankton, algae, seaweeds

30
Q

what is meant by the kingdom: plantae?

A

mosses, ferns, flowering plants

31
Q

what is meant by the kingdom: fungi?

A

yeast, moulds (penicillium) and mushrooms

32
Q

what is meant by the kingdom: animaila?

A

range of body plans to which at some stage in life are mobile

33
Q

when deciding how closely related organisms are what do biologists look for?

A

homologous structure: similar bone structures although it may have different function

34
Q

what is an example of a homologous structure?

A

pentadactyl in the vertebrae. birds mammals amphibians reptiles have it but they all have different functions; flying swimming walking, this is DIVERGENT EVOLUTION

35
Q

what is an example of convergent evolution why?

A

butterfly sparrow bat- all have wings but one is a insect, a bird and a mammal. - do not share common ancestor but perform the same function

36
Q

what is an analogous structure?

A

have the same functions and similar shape but different developmental origins

37
Q

what is DNA analysis?

A

a method when two DNA base sequence are compared to see how closely related a species is

38
Q

what is DNA hybridisation and how is it done?

A

two DNA bases compared to work out how related are: DNA extracted , cut into fragments, then mixed, were they have complementary base sequences they will hybridise

39
Q

how can you assess how related a species is with immunology?

A

proteins compared: mix antigens of one species with antibodies of another, if they make a precipitate the more closely related they are

40
Q

when we are using the word species what are the two definitions we use to help describe it?

A

morphological and reproductive definition

41
Q

what is meant by the morphological definition?

A

look similarities but sexual dimorphism has to be taken into account

42
Q

what is meant by the reproductive definition?

A

if they can interbreed to make fertile offspring

43
Q

what is meant by the binomial system?

A

system giving organisms a unique name with two parts, the genus and species

44
Q

what are three advantages of the binomial system?

A
  • unambiguous naming
  • based on Latin- can be used all over world
  • implies two species sharing part of name is closely related
45
Q

name three features of the binomial system?

A
  1. genus is the first word and has a capital letter
  2. species is second and does not have capital letter
  3. when writing both names handwritten - has to be in italics and underlined
46
Q

what is the definition of biodiversity?

A

the number of species and the number of individuals in each species in a specific region

47
Q

give an example of biodiversity.

A

plants grow at more light intensity - more in bright environment - an support more herbivores and therefore more carnivores

48
Q

what are three main reason biodiversity can increase or decrease?

A
  1. succession- organisms change habitat making suitable more other species
  2. natural selection
  3. human influence
49
Q

give one example of how biodiversity has decreased because of human influences?

A

rivers polluted by industrial chemicals. Yangtze River dolphin declared extinct in 2006.

50
Q

how has humans also restored and enhanced biodiversity?

A

built built on river thames so fish seals and even dolphins could live there

51
Q

what are the issues of biodiversity decreasing?

A
  • small number of plants that provide food
  • medicinal drugs derived from plants and fungi
  • living organisms proved raw materials- cotton
52
Q

what is a genes position on a chromosome called?

A

its locus

53
Q

when does the locus show polymorphism?

A

if it has two or more alleles

54
Q

DNA fingerprints shows a lot of variation when…?

A

there is a biodiverse population

55
Q

what is meant by natural selection?

A

gradual process in which inherited characteristics become more or less common in population in response to the environment

56
Q

give an example of a anatomical trait of a shark.

A

streamlined body - more efficient catching food or escaping predators

57
Q

give an example of a physiological trait of a plant.

A

leaves fall off in autumn - do not lose water by transpiration - not at risk of dehydration throughout winter

58
Q

give an example of a behavioural trait of a flamingo.

A

put on a elaborate dance - increases animal chance of reproducing

AS biology (17 decks)

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