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AS biology > 2.3 A adaptations for transport in animals > Flashcards

2.3 A adaptations for transport in animals Flashcards

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1
Q

what 4 features do animals have in their transport systems?

A
  1. suitable medium to carry materials
  2. a pump eg a heart for moving the blood
  3. valves to maintain the flow in one direction
  4. vessels that branch to distribute the transport medium to all parts of body. ( only in some)
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2
Q

what special feature does a vertebrae have in its transport system?

A

respiratory pigment - increases volume of oxygen that can be transported

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3
Q

what is meant by open circulatory systems?

A

blood does not move around body in blood vessels but the tissues directly while held in cavity called the haemocoel

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4
Q

what is a closed circulatory system?

A

blood moves in blood vessels

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5
Q

what are the two types of closed circulatory systems?

A

single circulation and double circulation

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6
Q

what is meant by a single circulation?

A

blood moves through the heart once on its passage around the body. eg in a earthworm or fish

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7
Q

what is meant by a double circulation?

A

the blood passes through the heart twice in itscircuit around the body eg in mammals

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8
Q

what has a closed circulatory system? what has a open?

A

earthworm, fish, mammal

insect

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9
Q

what is meant by the pulmonary circulation in the double circulatory system in mammals?

A

it serves the lungs - right side of heart pumps deoxgenated blood to lungs. oxygenated blood returns from lungs to left side of heart

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10
Q

what is meant by the systematic circulation in the double circulatory system in mammals?

A

serves body tissues. left side of heart pumps oxygenated blood to tissues. deoxygenated blood from body returns to right side of heart

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11
Q

why is a double circulation more efficient than a single?

A

oxygenated blood can be pumped around body at a higher pressure

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12
Q

what are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A
  1. arteries
  2. veins
  3. capillaries
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13
Q

describe the structure of veins and arteries going from

inner layer to outer layer.

A
  • endothelium - one cell thick and reduces friction
  • tunica media - has contracting smooth muscle which regulates blood flow and maintains blood pressure
  • tunica externa - contains collagen fibres which resist overstretching
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14
Q

which is thicker a artery or a vein?

A

artery

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15
Q

what do arteries do? describe their structure.

A

carry blood away from heart

thick, muscular walls to withstand high pressure

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16
Q

what do arteries branch in to and further divided into?

A

branch into smaller vessels called arterioles that are further divided into capillaires

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17
Q

what do capillaries do?

A

penetrates all tissues and organs of body - takes blood into veins which return to heart

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18
Q

how is blood carried to the heart in the veins?

A

gravity

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19
Q

what do veins have to ensure the flow is in one direction?

A

semi-lunar valves also prevents backflow. if fail could lead to heart failure

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20
Q

capillaries have a small diameter, this means that…?

A

rate of blood flow slows down

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21
Q

what is meant by myogenic contraction?

A

heartbeat is initiated within muscle cells and not dependent on nervous or hormonal stimulation

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22
Q

what are the two thin-walled collection chambers in the heart called?

A

atria

23
Q

what do the ventricles allow in the heart?

A

allows the separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

24
Q

what does the heart mainly consist of?

A

cardiac muscle

25
Q

what allows the heart to contract and relax rhythmically?

A

specialised tissue in the cardiac muscle called the myogenic contraction

26
Q

what does the cardiac cycle describe?

A

the sequence of events of one heartbeat which is normally about 0.8 seconds

27
Q

what 3 stages does the cardiac cycle consist of?

A

atrial systole
ventricular systole
diastole

28
Q

what happens in the stage atrial systole?

A

atrium walls contract and blood pressure in atria increases, pushes blood through tricuspid and bicuspid valves down into the ventricles which are relaxed

29
Q

what happens in the stage ventricular systole?

A

ventricle walls contract - increase blood pressure in ventricles, forces blood up to semi-lunar valves into aorta and pulmonary vein - aorta takes oxygenate blood to rest of body and PV takes deoxygenated blood to lungs

30
Q

what happens in the stage diastole?

A

ventricles relax - volume increase so pressure in ventricles falls, atria relax during diastole so blood from vena cave and pulmonary veins enters artia and cycle restarts

31
Q

describe, in 6 steps the blood flow in the left side of the heart.

A
  1. left atrium relaxes and receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary vein
  2. pressure opens bicuspid valve
  3. relaxation of left ventricle draws blood from left atrium
  4. left atrium contacts pushing blood to left ventricles
  5. left ventricle muscular wall exerts high pressure
  6. pressure pushes blood out of heart through semi-lunar valve into aorta and closes biscuspid valve preventing back flow
32
Q

how do the two sides of the heart work together to produce a heartbeat?

A

atria contact at same time followed by ventricles contacting

33
Q

when a chamber of the heart contracts, it is emptied of blood when relaxed…?

A

it fills with blood again

34
Q

why does the right ventricle pump blood to the lungs whereas the left pumps it all around the body?

A

has a thicker muscular wall

35
Q

how do valves prevent back flow?

A

close under high blood pressure

36
Q

define what is meant by Sino-atrial node (SAN)?

A

an area of the heart muscle in the right atrium initiates a wave of electrical excitation across the atria

37
Q

define what is meant by atria-ventricular node (AVN)?

A

the only conducting area of tissue in the wall of the heart between the atria and ventricles through the electrical excitation passes

38
Q

what is an electrocardiogram a trace of?

A

voltage changes produced by the heart detected by electrodes in the skin

39
Q

in a electrocardiogram what does the P wave represent?

A

shows voltage change generated by the Sino-atrial node- usually small

40
Q

in a electrocardiogram what does the PR interval mean?

A

time taken for the excitation to spread from atria to ventricles through the atria ventricular node

41
Q

in a electrocardiogram what does the QRS complex show?

A

contraction ventricles - ventricles have more muscle than atria ( P wave) so QRS is bigger

42
Q

in a electrocardiogram what does the T wave show?

A

repolarisation of ventricle muscles

43
Q

what is blood tissue made up of?

A

45% cells and 55% plasma

44
Q

why are red blood cells red?

A

contain a pigment called haemoglobin

45
Q

what is the function of red blood cells?

A

transport oxygen from the lungs to the respiring tissues

46
Q

what are 2 ways red blood cells are unusual?

A
  1. they are biconcave discs - large SA and thin - gas exchange faster
  2. no nucleus - more room for haemoglobin maximising the oxygen that can be carried out
47
Q

describe 3 things about plasma?

A
  • pale yellow liquid
  • 90% water
  • contains solutes, waste products, hormones and proteins
48
Q

how can haemoglobin transport oxygen efficiently?

A

must associate readily with oxygen in the alveoli and disassociate from oxygen at respiring tissues e.g. the muscle

49
Q

what is meant by the Bohr effect?

A

the movement of the oxygen disassociation curve to the right at a higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide because at a given oxygen partial pressure, haemoglobin as lower affinity for oxygen

50
Q

what 3 ways is carbon dioxide transported?

A
  1. in solution in plasma
  2. as hydrogen carbonate ion
  3. bound to haemoglobin as carbamino-haemoglobin
51
Q

what is meant by the chloride shift?

A

in a red blood cell when to balance the outflow of negative ions and maintain neutrality chloride ions diffuse into the red blood cell from plasma

52
Q

exchange between body cells happen at the capillaries, what 3 adaptations do capillaries have to allow these exchange?

A
  1. thin permeable walls
  2. provide LA
  3. blood flows very slowly
53
Q

make sure to look at diagram of heart

A

!

AS biology (17 decks)

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