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MM Development > MM Embryology 1 > Flashcards

MM Embryology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

eventual identity of the cell

A

cell fate

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2
Q

population of daughter cells from a single parent

A

cell lineage

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3
Q

a cell’s fate is _______ if it generates a certain cell type when cultured in isolation

A

specified

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4
Q

a cell’s fate is ____ if it generates a certan cell type even when exposed to abnormal influences

A

determined

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5
Q

hedgehog ligands

A

SHH, IHH, DHH

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6
Q

hedgehog receptor actions

A

patch binding disinhibits smoothened

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7
Q

hedgehog transducer

A

smoothened activates glia

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8
Q

hedgehog output

A

Gli goes to nucleus

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9
Q

TGFbeta/BMP ligand

A

many TGFs/BMPs

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10
Q

TGFbeta/BMP receptor action

A

serine/threonine kinases dimerize, autphosphorylate

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11
Q

TGFbeta/BMP tranducer

A

Smad is phosphoylated

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12
Q

TGFbeta/BMP output

A

Smad and other factors go to nucleus

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13
Q

Wnt ligand

A

Many Wnts

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14
Q

Wnt receptor actions

A

Frizzled and arrow binding inhibits kinase

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15
Q

Wnt transducer

A

beta catenin is not degraded

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16
Q

Wnt output

A

B catenin enters nucleus and promotes transcription

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17
Q

FGF ligand

A

many FGFs

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18
Q

FGF receptor actions

A

tyrosine kinase activation sets off phosphorylation cascade

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19
Q

FGF transducer

A

MAPK pathway

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20
Q

FGF output

A

Phosphorlyated Erk activates transcription

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21
Q

Retinoic acid ligand

A

retinol (lipid soluble steriod)

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22
Q

retinoic acid receptor action

A

retinol, metabolized to retinal in the cell

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23
Q

retinoic acid transducer

A

Crabp binds retinal and transfers it to the nucleus

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24
Q

retinoic acid output

A

retinal/RXR complex activated transcription

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25
Q

notch delta ligand

A

delta

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26
Q

notch delta receptor action

A

notch binding cleaves intracellular portion of notch

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27
Q

notch delta transducer

A

cleaved portion of notch

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28
Q

notch delta output

A

cleaved portion regulates transcription

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29
Q

dorsal side of bilaminar embryo

A

amniotic cavity

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30
Q

ventral side of bilaminar embryo

A

yolk sac

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31
Q

bilaminar embryo surrounded by

A

extraembryonic coelum

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32
Q

nervous system, skin

A

ectoderm

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33
Q

notocord extends from rostral end of primitive streak and induces ectoderm to thicken and become nervous system

A

neurulation

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34
Q

invaginates to form neural tube and closes in opposite directions starting in cervical region

A

ectoderm

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35
Q

neural crest cells migrate and give rise to

A

PNS

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36
Q

CT, bone, muscle, GU organs

A

mesoderm

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37
Q

develops into somites that give rise to axial skeleton, musculature, skin, dermis

A

paraxial mesoderm

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38
Q

GU system

A

intermediate mesoderm

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39
Q

interembryonic coelum develops within this, will give rise to body cavities, blood vessels and heart

A

lateral mesoderm

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40
Q

Gut

A

endoderm

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41
Q

IEC becomes continuous around

A

the midgut

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42
Q

combo of yolk sac and connecting stalk, lined by same cells as amniotic cavity

A

umbilical cord

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43
Q

delivers oxygenated blood

A

umbilical vein

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44
Q

returns blood to placenta

A

umbilical arteries

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45
Q

surrounds heart and lungs, paritions into 2 pleural and one pericardial cavity

A

interembryonic coelum

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46
Q

becomes foregut, midgut, and hindgut

A

yolk sac

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47
Q

diverts blood around liver to IVC

A

ductus venosus

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48
Q

hole between atriums where blood enters to bypass lungs

A

foramen ovale

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49
Q

shunt from pulmonary artery to aorta to bypass lungs

A

ductus arteriosus

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50
Q

supply the bladder for a while

A

umbilical arteries

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51
Q

Cdx to blastocyst

A

be trophectoderm!

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52
Q

Gata6 to blastocyst

A

be endoderm

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53
Q

Nanog to blastocyst

A

be epiblast

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54
Q

Hippo to blastocyst

A

determines inside or outside

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55
Q

Yap turns on Cdx

A

in outer cells (be trophectoderm!)

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56
Q

Nodal and Crypto inhibitor

A

Lefty

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57
Q

Wnt Inhibitor

A

DKK1

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58
Q

Lhx1 (from anterior visceral endoderm)

A

allows for neural plate formation by stimulating inhibitors of anterior-headed growth

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59
Q

blastopore, using Wnt and Nodal

A

Axis induction in gastrulation

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60
Q

head formation, from AVE via Lhx1

A

anterior posterior axis in gastrulation

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61
Q

notocord (from axial mesoderm) and neural plate via SHH

A

dorsal -ventral axis in gastrulation

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62
Q

cilia, nodal and lefty, Pitx2 and Islet 1

A

Left-rigth axis

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63
Q

somite formation takes place in the ____ week, and somites form from ______

A

3rd, paraxial mesoderm

64
Q

the clock drives _____ tissue to ______ somites

A

mesenchymal presomitic, epithelial

65
Q

the clock uses ______ to activate ________

A

delta/notch, Lfng & Hes

66
Q

Lfng inhibits _____, and Hes downregulates _______

A

notch, Lfng and Hes

67
Q

defect in notch that leads to missing vertebra

A

Alagille syndrome

68
Q

Lfng mutation that leads to missing/irregular ribs

A

spondylocostal dysostosis

69
Q

wavefront uses a ____ gradient from _____ to prevent somite growth

A

FGF/Wnt, notochord

70
Q

wavefront signal also promotes ______ growth

A

Tail-end (so inhibition is pulled caudally)

71
Q

dermatome, myotome, sclerotome, syndetome

A

4 somite differentiations

72
Q

dermatome

A

skin.

73
Q

myotome

A

spinal, body wall and limb muscle

74
Q

sclerotome

A

axial skeleton but not sternum

75
Q

segmental nerves run ____ somites, blood vessels run _____ them.

A

through, between

76
Q

syndetome

A

tendons, between myotome and sclerotome

77
Q

determine axial patterning of somites

A

Hox genes

78
Q

Hox genes default to

A

rostral

79
Q

all hox genes are homeobox, but

A

not all homeobox are hox

80
Q

limbs are made of

A

mesoderm and ectoderm

81
Q

mesoderm lateral plate makes what in limbs?

A

skeleton and tendons of limbs. (somite makes muscles)

82
Q

ectoderm makes what in limbs?

A

motor innervation (spinal cord) sensory neurons (dorsal ganglia/neural crest) skin

83
Q

mesoderm FGF10 to Ectoderm FGF8

A

positive feedback loop in limbs

84
Q

limbs form when

A

Week 4

85
Q

limbs rotate when

A

Week 6-8

86
Q

localized FGF, FGF10-8 feedback

A

limb initiation

87
Q

TBX5

A

forelimb coorelate

88
Q

TBX4, Pitx1

A

hindlimb correlate

89
Q

FGF and Wnt, retinoic acid flank

A

Proximal/Distal in limb

90
Q

RA promotes what in limb

A

proximal growth in limb

91
Q

Wnt and FGF in proximal to distal limb promotes what

A

distal growth in limb

92
Q

what center controls proximal/distal in limb?

A

apical Ectodermal Ridge

93
Q

what center controls anterior/posterior in limb?

A

zone of polarizing activity

94
Q

what is expressed on posterior side at ZPA?

A

SHH

95
Q

SHH constrains Gli, which contrains what in limb?

A

number of digits

96
Q

Wnt to Lmx in limb determines what

A

dorsal cell fate

97
Q

En-1 (preventing Wnt) determines what

A

ventral cell fate

98
Q

AD, mut TBX5, cardiac defects

A

Holt Oram syndrome

99
Q

Mut Tbx3

A

Ulnar-mammary syndrome

100
Q

AD Mut LMX1B, nail diplasia, no patella, nephropathy, ocular malformation

A

Nail Patella syndrom

101
Q

AR, SHH deletion in limb, lack formed distal extermities

A

Acheriopodia

102
Q

Ectopic SHH exppression, many digits

A

Preaxial polydactyly

103
Q

p63 mutation, reduced AER maintenance

A

split hand/foot malformation

104
Q

Ectopic AER

A

diplopodia and eudiplodia

105
Q

axial skeleton comes from

A

somitic mesoderm

106
Q

appendicular skeleton and sternum come from

A

lateral mesoderm

107
Q

craniofacial skeleton comes from

A

neural crest ectoderm

108
Q

osteoclasts comes from

A

monocytes

109
Q

determines location and shape of all skeletal elements

A

patterning

110
Q

early skeletal patterning defects are ____, late are _____ .

A

lethal, local (local are called dysostoses)

111
Q

establishes the cellular structure of the skeleton

A

skeleotgenesis

112
Q

skeletogenesis defects are called _____, and are ______, not local

A

dysplasia, generalized

113
Q

no RANKL so too much bone forms

A

osteopetrosis

114
Q

no OPG, so too much bone loss

A

osteopenia

115
Q

Runx2/Msx2 haploinsufficiency

A

slow fusion, gaps in skull

116
Q

activating mutations in FGFR or Msx2, OR haploinsufficiency of Twist (neg. regulator of Runx2)

A

craniosynostosis (accelerated fusion)

117
Q

Sox 9 role in skeleton

A

chondrocyte differentiation

118
Q

Sox 9 knockout

A

lethal

119
Q

Sox9 haplo

A

campomelic dysplasia

120
Q

IHH role in skeleton

A

chondrocyte proliferation and maturation

121
Q

IHH knockout and haplo

A

normal bones, smaller size (less proliferation in growth plate)

122
Q

PTHrP role in skeleton

A

inhibits IHH, slows maturation on chondrocytes into hypertrophics

123
Q

PTHrP knockout and haplo

A

normal bones, reduces size. Less severe than IHH. Jansen and Blomstrand chondrodysplasia

124
Q

Runx role in skeleton

A

regulates expression of osteoblasts (turns cartilage to bone)

125
Q

Runx knockout

A

lethal

126
Q

Runx haplo

A

cleidocranial dysplasia (smaller or mishapen bones)

127
Q

Atf4 role in skeleton

A

regulates expression of osteoblasts and AA transport, phosphorylated by Rsk2

128
Q

Atf4 without Rsk2

A

inactive: Coffin-Lowry syndrome (low bone mass)

129
Q

Atf4 overexpression

A

bone phenotype of neurofibromatosis 1

130
Q

Hox role in skeleton

A

patterning gene cluster (segmented organization)

131
Q

Hox knockout

A

messed up pattern

132
Q

epidermis (no blood vessels) comes from

A

ectoderm

133
Q

dermis comes from

A

mesoderm

134
Q

keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, langerhans cells, and t cell

A

are all residents of epidermis

135
Q

keratinocytes come from

A

ectoderm

136
Q

melanocytes comes from

A

ectoderm, via dorsal neural crest

137
Q

merkel cells comes from

A

ectoderm, via keratinocytes

138
Q

langerhans cells comes from

A

mesoderm, via blood line

139
Q

T-cells come from

A

skin! In the skin. Are not replenished from thymus

140
Q

connective tissue, blood and nerves live in

A

the dermis

141
Q

skin stem cells work

A

alone. Unless there is injury and healing

142
Q

If ectoderm progenitors see Wnt

A

BMP is promoted, giving SKIN!

143
Q

If ectoderm progenitors see FGF

A

BMP is inhibited, giving CNS!

144
Q

ectoderm differentiation at 4 weeks

A

CNS or skin

145
Q

skin differentiation at 7-21 weeks

A

hairy or not hairy

146
Q

if skin sees BMP, notch +

A

stratified epidermis, not hairy

147
Q

if skin sees Wnt10b

A

we’re going down the hair pathway

148
Q

hair follicle: wnt induces

A

the placode

149
Q

hair follicle: EDA induces

A

Wnt10b in the placode

150
Q

hair follicle: Shh in the placode

A

drives proliferation in placode

151
Q

all cells of bud, peg and follicle come from

A

SHH expressing cells

152
Q

hair follicle: Dkk1 inhibits

A

Wnt, to keep cells around hair from becoming hair

153
Q

EDA defects resulting in loss of Wnt10b (affects hair, teeth and glands)

A

hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasias

154
Q

PTCH mutation, no SMO inhibition, unwanted cell proliferation

A

gorlin syndrome/basal cell carcinoma

155
Q

since notch is part of stratified epidermis pathway, it is mystically involved in

A

squamous cell carcinoma

MM Development (9 decks)

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