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MM Development > Anatomy of Development > Flashcards

Anatomy of Development Flashcards

1
Q

morphogenesis

A

separation of cells as distinct entities.

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2
Q

which cell types can interconvert?

A

early epithelial and mesenchyme

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3
Q

cadherins can be

A

stabilizers of groups of cells, defining the population

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4
Q

Hans Driesch

A

dissociated cells give rise to whole embryos

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5
Q

Spemann and Mangold

A

dorsal blastopore, siamese twin. Transplant material made original material form the twin

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6
Q

permissive induction

A

required to allow participant to continue what it would have become anyway

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7
Q

instructive induction

A

causes cells to choose among many fates

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8
Q

morphogen

A

induces along a gradient, imposing different identities

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9
Q

relay signal

A

one signal makes another signal

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10
Q

Shh release

A

autocatalytic cleavage of N-terminal SHH, which is given a cholesterol moiety and palmated

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11
Q

Shh action

A

binds and inhibits Patch1

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12
Q

Ptch1

A

a repressor receptor which inhibits Smo

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13
Q

Smo

A

transmembrane protein, => Gli 1,2,3

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14
Q

without SSH, Gli2

A

is degraded and Gli3 is a repressor (cleaved form)

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15
Q

in the presence of SSH

A

uncleaved Gli3 is an activator! Gli 2 is not degraded, activators Gli1 transcription

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16
Q

Is SHH signalling dose dependent?

A

yes

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17
Q

activating mutations in SHH

A

Ptch inactivation of Smo mutant, results in basal cell cancers, medullablastoma

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18
Q

SHH mutations cause midline errors such as

A

cyclopia, holoprosencephaly, cleft palate

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19
Q

TGFbeta or BMP

A

dimers are serine/threonine kinases. Transphosphorylate, then phosphorylate to activate SMADs and coSMADS

20
Q

SMADs and coSMADs

A

enter nucleus and regulate target genes

21
Q

Wnt coreceptors

A

Frizzled, Lrp5/6

22
Q

Wnt reception recruits

A

Axin-DSH, GSK3, APC complex

23
Q

Axin-DSH, GSK3, APC complex prevents

A

Beta-catenin degradation

24
Q

What does beta-catenin do in the the nucleus

A

complexes w/TCF/LEF transcription factors already bound to chromatin, turns them into activators.

25
Q

FGFs interact with

A

heparin sulfate prteopglycans and TK receptors called FGFR 1-4

26
Q

FGFs activate

A

RAS-Raf-Mek-Mapk=> Erk via serine/thronine crossphos cascade

27
Q

FGF is an on/off signal because

A

the cascade activates so rapidly

28
Q

Notch-delta, long range or short?

A

short

29
Q

Notch-delta activated

A

ligand includes delta, causes notch receptor cleavage.

30
Q

Notch fragment binds ____ then goes ____

A

Cbf1 cofactor, to nucleus to regulate target (including Hes genes)

31
Q

regulation typical of notch-delta?

A

negative feedback

32
Q

retinoic acid

A

retinol is made by cell, converted to soluble acid, enters nucleus and binds Tfs, converting them to activators

33
Q

retinoic acid receptors

A

RARs dimerized with RTRs

34
Q

EphrinA, B ligands bind

A

Eph receptors

35
Q

Ephrin signalling is special because

A

both ligands and receptors can act as receptors.

36
Q

Ephrin signal function

A

changes cytoskeleton proteins in eph+ cells

37
Q

inhibitors of BMP

A

i.e., chordin. Bind BMP and associated complex with glypican membrane-tethered protein to limit its mobility outside of cell

38
Q

Tolloid

A

proteases cleave chordin, causing rerelease of BMP

39
Q

homeotic genes

A

cahnge identiy of tissue (e.g., legs in the wrong place)

40
Q

E-cadherins bind

A

E-caherins

41
Q

N-cadherins bind

A

N-cadherins

42
Q

totipotent

A

can generate all tissues of the embryo, including extraembryonic

43
Q

pluripotent

A

can form all germ layers, but not extraembryonic

44
Q

C-Kit receptor mutation

A

white patches on head and chest

45
Q

thalidomide

A

change in limb growth without genetic lesion

46
Q

fetal alcohol

A

change in head shape, etc.

MM Development (9 decks)

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