MLS LECTURE 9 Flashcards
Why are clinical chemistry test done?
A) help in the measurement of the level of substances that are normally found in human blood and usually have a biological function.
B) detect or measure non-functional metabolites or waste products
C) detect the measure substances that has cell damage or disease
D) detect or measure drugs/toxic substances.
Common specimens for chemical analysis:
- Saliva
- whole blood, serum, or plasma
- Urine
- others like cerebrospinal fluid
What are the 3 common parts in blood specimens?
1) plasma (55%) (protein, water, salts/ mineral)
2) Buffy coat (1%) (WBC & platelets)
3) erythrocytes (RBC) (45%)
True or false: the RBC part of the blood sample is taken for the protein tests.
False; the plasma part
What are the components of the blood?
Blood cells
Extracellular vesicles
Lipoproteins
Antibodies
Clotting factors
Protein hormones
Growth factors
Gas carriers
Chemical hormones
Vitamins
Sugars
Fats
Gases, salts, and solvent
State examples of Blood cells found in blood.
Neutrophil
Monocyte
B lymphocyte
T lymphocyte
Natural killer
Red
State examples of extracellular vesicles and lipoproteins found in blood.
Extracellular vesicles: exosomes
Lipoprotein: chlyomicrons, high density
State examples of clotting factors, protein hormones, growth factors, and gas carriers found in Blood.
Clotting factor: platelets, fibrinogen
Protein hormone: insulin
Growth factors: EPO
Gas carrier: hemoglobin
State examples of chemical hormones, vitamins, sugar, fats, gases, salts and solvents found in Blood.
Chemical hormone: testosterone
Vitamins: vitamin D
Sugars: glucose
Fats: cholesterol
Gases, salts, and solvents: water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, sodium chloride
Which component of the blood can be used for sickle cells?
Gas carrier
What is the difference between serum and plasma?
Serum is the blood that has been clotted before centrifugation and is usually found in the upper layer and in red topped tubes that has no additives while plasma is the blood that has been treated with anticoagulants to prevent clotting and permitted to stand or centrifuge in a container and it can be resulted from the centrifuge of the additives.
True or false: plasma is preferred in most tests.
False; serum since it has no additives or anticoagulants.
What could happen it you used a tube that is considered a serum separator tube for serum?
They do not contain a gel substance hence an interface between the clot and serum might form when blood specimen is centrifuged.
What is the effect of the patient’s diet on the test?
It greatly affects the specimen whereas it can increase or decrease and it the patient ate fatty meals the appearance of serum or plasma might be affected and be milky which is called lipemia
When you’re going to do a clinical chemistry test, the doctor might ask you/request for
- Normal reference value: is the range of the values for a particular chem. Test from healthy individuals
- chemistry panel grouping: some particular tests are “bundled” according to the system or organ targeted
What are the most commonly performed chemistry tests?
- Protein
- electrolytes
- minerals (calcium, phosphorus, iron)
- cardiac function
- liver function (liver enzymes, total bilivobin)
- thyroid function
- kidney function (serum creatinine, BUN, uric acid)
- lipid metabolism (cholesterol, triglycerides)
What are proteins?
They are essential components of cell and body fluids
How are proteins made?
Either by the body or acquired by the diet
What are the information provided by proteins?
- State of hydration
- nutrition
- liver functions
State 1 example of a protein
Albumin - which is the most abundant plasma protein in the blood. Albumin constitutes about 50% of protein in blood
How is it synthesized? What can it do?
Synthesized by hepatocytes
What it do: intravascular oncotic pressure, carries hormones, carries ions, and carries medications
What are examples of diseases associated to albumin
Hyperalbuminemia
Hypoalbuminemia
What are the causes of hyperalbuminemia?
- Dehydration
- metabolic syndrome
- insulin resistance
The causes of hypoalbuminemia:
- Renal loss
- gut loss
- intravascular volume expansion
- drop in albumin production
- sepsis and critical illness
- heart failure
- burns
- nutritional deficiency
What does electrolytes include?
They can include.
Sodium Na
Potassium K
Chloride Cl
Bicarbonate HCO3
Electrolytes can affect/ have an effect on:
- Hydration
- acid-base balance
- osmotic pressure
- ph
- heart and muscle contractions
True or false: the electrolytes level is the same whether it was inside or outside cells
False; it differs
What’s the importance of electrolytes?
Important in the transport of components and/or substances in & out of the cell
What are some of the liver’s functions?
1) immunity
2) metabolism
3) Blood
4) storage
What’s the percentage of calcium found in the skeleton?
99% but is not metabolically active
Where is calcium used?
Used in coagulation and muscle contraction
What influences calcium?
Vitamin d. Parathyroid hormone, estrogen, and muscle contraction
State 2 discuses that are associated with calcium.
Hypercalcemia and hypocalemia
Define each type of calcemia.
A) hypercalcemia: it may cause kidney stones. it occurs in parathyroidism, bone malignancies, hormone disorder, excessive vitamin D and acidosis
B) hypocalcemia: it may cause tetchy. it occurs in hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, poor dietary absorption, and kidney diseases
Where is phosphorus commonly found?
80% in bone and the rest in energy compounds such as ATP
What influences phosphorus?
Calcium and other certain hormones
True or false: iron is the main component of the blood and is essential for hemoglobin
True
What would happen in those two cases:
1) iron deficiency
2) increase in iron
1- anemia caused by lack of iron in diet, poor absorption, poor release of stored iron or loss due to bleeding
2- hemolytic due to the increased intake of iron or blocked synthesis of iron containing compounds (lead poisoning)
