MLS LECTURE 6 Flashcards
What are the five major functions of the kidney?
1- removal of metabolic toxic waste
2- maintain a favorable water balance
3- Conserves and secretes electrolytes
4- regulates the pH of interstitial fluids
5- act as an endocrine structure
Why do kidneys act as an endocrine structure?
- they produce erythropoietin
- it can inactive vitamin d to active ones
- produce tenin
What are the information obtained from urine?
- bilirubin test (liver functions)
- nitrate test (presence of bacteria)
-pH test (acid-base balance)
-Glucose test (carbohydrate metabolism)
-Leukocyte testing (infections) - Ketone test (increased beta-oxidation of lipids)
- Specific gravity (water retention)
- Urine color (yellow-orange may indicate the presence of bilirubin)
- Urine Odor (fruity/sweet = diabetes, strong ammonia odor = infection)
How many types of specimens are available for urine? (list them)
7 types of specimens:
1- Random specimen
2- First-morning specimen
3- Midstream clean-catch specimen
4- 24 hour specimen
5- catheterized specimen
6- Suprapubic specimens
7- 2 hour postrandial specimen
What are the sources of contamination of urine?
1- Menstrual blood
2- Vaginal secretion
3- Fecal material
Where is urine produced?
In kidneys and specifically in the nephrons which is the functional unit in the kidneys
Define and explain “Urine”
It is the ultra filtrate of plasma. This means that the nephrons filter the plasma and the liquid that is filtered in the plasma is then reabsorbed as it goes through the nephrons. They reabsorb the valuable molecules and remove the rest.
What is the type of specimen used when the woman’s blood flow (in periods) is very high.?
Catheterized specimen
Define urinalysis
It is the physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine.it involves performing number of tests to detect and measure various compounds found in urine
True or false: urinalysis/urine test is the easiest and earliest know diagnostic test.
True
What are other tests that urine is used for?
- Alcohol
- drug abuse
- protein metabolism
- endocrine system
- cardiovascular system
What are the disadvantages of random specimen?
- Often dilute
- have low concentration of solute
- easy to miss the pathological metabolites
- diet affects the results
In case of pregnancy, what’s the type of specimen used?
First morning specimen
When /way is the 2-hr postprandial specimen used?
- To detect glycosuria (suggestive of diabetes if urine is still elevated after 2 hr )
State 2 disadvantages of catheterized specimen.
- Discomfort to patient
- risk of infecting the bladder
Who are the usual patients that suprapubic specimen is used on?
Infants, elderly, & women
The advantage of suprapubic specimen:
- Collected under sterile conditions
Disadvantages of suprapubic specimen
- Discomfort to patient
- risk of infecting the bladder
When/why is midstream clean-catch specimen used?
- Sediment evaluation
- microscopic studies
- detecting UTI
What does the presence of fecal materials indicate?
1) careless bathroom technique/ uncleanness
2) falsifying urine specimen by substituting commade water
3) vesicosigmaid fistula
Vesicosigmaid fistula is:
Unnatural opening between colon and urinary bladder. Urine is likely to have a brown color, many bacteria, colored urinary component, and fecal odor
