MLA infection Flashcards by Malgorzata Szymaniak

How can brain abscesses form?

Infection or trauma

More likely in people with weakened immune systems or chronic diseases

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Which bacteria most commonly causes mastitis?

Staph aureus
E.coli
Strep uberis

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What is the treatment for chlamydia?

Doxycycline for 7 days
or azithromycin

Council about not having sex until treatment is complete

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How does the presentation of conjunctivitis differ between bacteria, viral, and allergic causes?

Bacterial: yellow/white discharge
Viral: watery discharge
Allergic: watery discharge, bilateral

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Which organism causes croup?

AKA acute laryngotracheitis

Most common cause: parainfluenza virus
Or influenza, adenovirus, RSV

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What are some acute complications of COVID-19?

AKI
Acute myocardial injury
VTE

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What are the most common causes of encephalitis?

Most common: herpes simplex 1 and 2
or VZV, enteroviruses

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What is the clinical presentation of encephalitis?

Headache
Photosensitivity
Stiff neck
Confusion
Seizures

Can present over days, weeks, or months depending on the person

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Who is most likely to develop encephalitis?

Very young/ very old
Immunocompromised
HIV/cancer patients

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What is epididymitis?

Infection of the epididymis

Presents as pain in testicle, warmth, low fever, blood in semen, firmness

Usually caused by a UTI or STI

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What is orchitis?

Inflammation/infection of the testicles

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What is the medical treatment for gonorrhoea?

IM Ceftriaxone

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When might oseltamivir be prescribed?

Treatment for influenza A given for ‘at risk’ patients if the present within 48 hours

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For which condition are Nirmatrelvir/ritanovir and Remdesivir prescribed?

COVID-19

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What are some complications of influenza A infection?

Respiratory failure
ARDS
Viral/bacterial pneumonia
Myocarditis
Guillain-Barre syndrome

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What are the different types of influenza?

A, B,C, and D

A and B spread in winter (seasonal)

A causes pandemics and is most severe

C and D are less severe. D mostly affects cattle

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What is the most common cause of septic arthritis?

Staph aureus

Consider:
- Gonorrhoea in sexually active people
- TB in immunocompromised
- MRSA in nursing homes, hospital or those with catheters

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How does Lyme disease present?

Malaise, fatigue, headache, migratory joint or muscle aches

Causes a ‘bulls-eye’ rash (erythema migrans)

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Which bacteria causes Lyme disease?

Borrelia burgdorferi

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What disease does Trichophyton ruberum cause?

Tinea corporis (ring worm)

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How does Ring worm present?

A solitary circular red patch with a raised, darker scaly edge

Which drugs form the triple therapy for PID?

IM Ceftriaxone 500mg
And then doxycycline 100mg BD and BD metronidazole 400mg for 14 days

What is Leprosy?

AKA Hansen’s disease

Endemic in Ethiopia

It’s a chronic bacterial infection cause by Mycobacterium leprae affecting the skin, nerves, eyes, and nose

Causes painless swellings Characteristically on the cooler parts of the body and causes ‘glove and stocking’ neuropathy

How can meningitis cause hearing loss?

By inflammation of the vestibulocochlear nerve or damage to the hair cells of the cochlear

All children following discharge from hospital should have a hearing test

What is the difference between bacterial CSF and viral CSF fluid?

Bacterial: elevated proteins, white colour, elevated lactate Viral: normal proteins, normal glucose, clear colour

What is rheumatic fever?

A complication of a bacterial throat infection - More common in Africa, south America, and Asia Pathophysiology: a delayed autoimmune response to streptococcal infection where the antibodies attack cardiac myocytes

How is rheumatic fever treated

- Benzylpenicillin (or erythromycin is allergic) - Corticosteroids and aspirin to treat arthritic feature - Bed rest to minimise cardiac output

How does rheumatic fever present?

Initial streptococcus throat infection with fever, anorexia, and lethargy Followed by carditis, polyarthritis, and erythema marginatum

How is rheumatic fever diagnosed?

Using Jones criteria

What is the most common cause of acute otitis externa?

Pseudomonas aeruginoa (gram-negative) or Staphylococcus aureus

What is the most common cause of otitis interna?

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Which STI can cause odourless discharge and intermenstrual or postcoital bleeding?

Chlamydia

What is Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome?

A complication of PID - Perihepatitis caused by adhesions between the liver and the anterior abdominal wall or diaphragm Presents as right upper quadrant pain and friction rub of auscultation

What is Reiters syndrome?

Reactive arthritis that develops within 4 weeks following a chlamydial, salmonella, or campylobacter infection Presents as a triad of arthritis, conjunctivitis, and urethritis

Which Tb antibiotic is known to cause red-orange secretions?

Rifampicin

Which condition presents with 'clue cells' on microscopy?

Bacterial vaginosis

What are the common side effects of ethambutol?

Optic neuropathy and reduced visual acuity

What are the common side effects of isoniazid?

Peripheral neuropathy so pyroxidine (vitamin B6) needs to be co-prescribed

What are the common side effects of pyrazinamide?

Hepatitis

What are the features of congenital rubella syndrome?

Cataracts Sensorineural hearing loss Heart defects (patent ductus arteriosus) 'Blueberry muffin' skin lesions Intellectual disability Hepatosplenomegaly

When might you request a transoesophageal echocardiogram?

If there is suspected prosthetic valve endocarditis because it has higher sensitivity

How is whooping cough treated?

With azithromycin or clarithromycin if the cough began within 21 days Erythromycin for pregnant women

Which STI presents as gram-negative diplo-cocci?

Gonorrhoea

How does hepatitis B present compared to hepatitis C?

Hepatitis C more commonly presents chronically Hepatitis B presents more acutely with jaundice and prodromal flu-like symptoms

Which condition presents as upper pulmonary fibrosis and consolidation?

TB (latent) Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis affects lower zones instead

What is the gold-standard diagnostic test for whooping cough?

Culture of a nasopharyngeal aspirate Serology can be done but after 2-weeks of cough and in patients aged 17+

What's included in the triple therapy for unconfirmed encephalitis?

Ceftriaxone, amoxicillin, and acyclovir Dexamethasone can be given but not for encephalitis caused by streptococcus pneumoniae

Which virus most commonly causes conjunctivitis?

Adenovirus

What class of virus causes measles?

Morbillivirus