Mixed system, snake, other

Question 1

Cantharidin (blister beetle epicauta)

Answer 1

Carried by males and passed to females during breeding
Active in dead beetles for a while
LD50 < 1 mg/kg

Question 2

CS of cantharidin toxicity

Answer 2

Playing in water, polydipsia, polyuria, synchronous diaphragmatic flutter

Question 3

Cantharidin toxicity MOA?

Answer 3

Feeding alflafa →cantharidin absorbed from GIT → mucosal vesicant
Renal elimination → pollakuria, accult blood/ hematuria
Myocarditis

Question 4

Dx cantharidin toxicity

Answer 4

Canthardin testing: first urine 1000 ml
Severe hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia

Question 5

Tx for cantharidin toxicity

Answer 5

Gastric decompression
IV fluids, electrolytes, anti-inflamms
Ca replacements, gastric protectants
Vit. E

Question 6

Snake venomization

Answer 6

Water moccasin (cotton mouth)- cytotoxic and proteolytic
Copper head- hemotoxic and proteolytic
Rattlesnake: hemotoxic, proteolytic and blood clotting defects

Question 7

CS of Snake venomization

Answer 7

Pain, swelling, shock, cardiac arrythmias, resp. distress

Question 8

Common bit localization for snake vemon

Answer 8

Muzzle and lower legs

Question 9

DX snake bite

Answer 9

Fang/ puncture marks
CBC, chem fibrinogen and blood smear
Coagulation panel

Question 10

Tx Snake venomization

Answer 10

O2, tracheotomy
Antivenom
Transfusion: fresh plasma, whole blood

Question 11

Chamomile

Answer 11

Volatile oil
Contact derm, diarrhea, allergic rx, bleeding tendencies

Question 12

Lemon & Lime

Answer 12

Toxins: essential oils and psoralens
CS: diarrhea and dermatitis

Question 13

Astragulus species

Answer 13

Loco weed family
Toxin: swainsomine
CS: incoordination, depression, inability to eat/ drink, fetal death and bith defects

Question 14

Mountain laurel

Answer 14

Not palatable (limited forage)
Toxin: grayanotoxin- interferes with skeletal and cardiac m. and nerve function

Question 15

CS of mountain laurel

Answer 15

GI upset, excessive drooling, loss of appetite, incoordination, stupor, leg paralysis, weak HR, recumbency
Improves or dies

Question 16

Main symptoms of heavy metal toxicity

Answer 16

Anorexia, diarrhea, recumbency and colic

Question 17

Lead toxicity

Answer 17

Ingested → blood and soft tissues → bone
More commin in young (animals with pica)

Question 18

Lead CS

Answer 18

Seizures, ataxia, tying up (muscle twitching and cramping), roaring
Neuro, GI, hematologic, immunosuppression, infertility and renal dz

Question 19

Arsenic CS

Answer 19

Ataxia, tying up and recumbency

Question 20

Mercury

Answer 20

Skin crud (crusted and scabbed skin), skin ulcers, ↓ urination and sudden death
Rapid tx required

Question 21

Dx heavy metal toxicosis

Answer 21

PE, blood tests, urinalysis, blood chem, diagnostic imaging, heavy metal testing (urine or blood)

Question 22

Selenium toxicity

Answer 22

↑ formation of reactive O2 species → oxidative injury
Astragulus, xylorhiza, stanleya spp, oonopsis, etc

Question 23

CS of acute selenium toxicity

Answer 23

Blindness, head pressing colic, diarrhea, tachycardia and tachypnea, profuse sweating
Cardiovasc. collapse and pulm edema

Question 24

Chr. CS of selenium toxicity

Answer 24

Poor hoof quality, loss of mane and tail hair (bilat alopecia)

Question 25

Selenium plants growth

Answer 25

Grow in alkali soils, dry climates (West and central USA)

Question 26

Dx selenuium

Answer 26

Serology
Se in blood, serum, tissue, feed and forage