mixed review deck 8

Question 1

What is a teratogen?

Answer 1

Anything introduced during pregnancy that impacts the typical development of a fetus

Question 2

4 categories of teratogenic effects

Answer 2

carcinogenic, lethal, malformations, and cerebral effects

Question 3

What is the approximate threshold dose for all of these types of teratogenic effects: lethal effects, malformations, and cerebral effects?

Answer 3

about 100 mGy

Question 4

During what stage of pregnancy are lethal effects most likely?

Answer 4

pre-implantation (at a threshold of 100 mGy)

Question 5

What general category of teratogenic effects are most likely to occur during organogenesis (10 days to 6 weeks)

Answer 5

malformations (including growth retardation, microcephaly–obvious physical deformities)

Question 6

During the fetal period (6 weeks to birth), what category of teratogenic effects are most likely to occur?

Answer 6

cerebral effects (microcephaly, mental retardation, reduced IQ)

Question 7

What is the average FETAL dose of an AP abdomen x-ray?

Answer 7

3 mGy

Question 8

Average dose to the fetus for an AP L-spine

Answer 8

4 mGy

Question 9

Average fetal dose for an IVU

Answer 9

8 mGy

Question 10

Average dose to the fetus for a CT abdomen exam and a CT pelvic exam

Answer 10

CT abdomen, 10 mGy
CT pelvis, 20 mGy

Question 11

4 fluoroscopic procedures with fetal doses that approach the 100 mGy threshold for teratogenic effects

Answer 11

barium enema (17 mGy)
hysterosalpingogram (30 mGy)
UGI with small bowel series (40 mGy)
cystourethrogram (50 mGy)

Question 12

Acute radiation syndrome is a ____ effect with a ____ threshold that occurs ____ after exposure.

Answer 12

deterministic effect, very high threshold, occurs soon after exposure (early effect)

Question 13

Define LD 50/60

Answer 13

the dose of radiation that will kill 50% of the population within 60 days with no medical intervention

Question 14

What is the LD 50/60 for humans?

Answer 14

Between 3-4 grey

Question 15

x-ray tube rating is calculated and expressed as …

Answer 15

the allowable kilowatts (kW) per 0.1 seconds

Question 16

tube loading refers to …

Answer 16

the heat created within the x-ray tube

Question 17

Name the 4 main factors influencing tube loading

Answer 17

exposure time, filament size, anode angle, anode rotation speed

Question 18

Triple lumen nasoenteric tube with a gastric balloon, esophageal balloon and gastric suction port, AND a condition it is often used to treat

Answer 18

Sengstaken-Blakemore tube
Bleeding esophageal varices

Question 19

Oxygen is available thru wall outlets at what pressure?

Answer 19

60 to 80 pounds per square inch

Question 20

Of these nasoenteric tubes, which are single lumen and which are double lumen

Cantor
Harris
Miller-Abbot

Answer 20

Single:
Cantor, Harris

S
Double:
Miller-Abbot

Question 21

What type of tube is a Dobhoff tube?

Answer 21

Nasogastric

Question 22

2 types of central lines that are tunneled catheters used long term for parenteral nutrition and dialysis

Answer 22

Hickman and Raaf catheters

Question 23

3 purposes of the PICC line and central venous catheter when used short term?

Which of these can thr PICC line also do long term?

Answer 23

Short term. Administer meds, draw blood, monitor right atrial blood pressure

Picc long term can do all these EXCEPT monitor RA BP

Question 24

Range of tympanic body temperature for infant and children up to 4 years old

Answer 24

96.4 to 100.4 F

Question 25

What process retards the growth of pathogenic bacteria?

Answer 25

Antisepsis

Question 26

Normal range for creatinine

Answer 26

0.7 to 1.5 mg/dL (or mg/100 mL, same thing)

Question 27

Normal adult GFR

Answer 27

90 to 120 mL/minute

Question 28

Inspissation

Answer 28

When barium in large bowel becomes thickened due to absorption of its fluid content

Question 29

Reactions to contrast media generally occur within _____ following injection

Answer 29

2 to 10 minutes

Question 30

What is pruritis and what level of contrast reaction does it signify?

Answer 30

Itching. Mild reaction.

Question 31

Most common REACTION (not side effect) to contrast

Answer 31

Hives

Question 32

A category 1 pt on metformin (Glucophage) shows no evidence of AKI based on what eGFR value?

Answer 32

30 mL/min/1.73 mL or greater

Question 33

Cdc estimates what percentage of hospital patients will acquire some type of HAI

Answer 33

5 to 15%

Question 34

Disinfectants, germicides, antiseptic Which are used for hard surfaces? Tissue?

Answer 34

Germicides and disinfectants kill pathogens and are for hard surfaces Antiseptics retard growth of pathogens and are used on soft tissue

Question 35

Normal BUN range

Answer 35

7 to 21 mg/dL

Question 36

Normal platelet count

Answer 36

150,000 to 400,000 per cubic mm

Question 37

Long term implanted venous access device used for chemo and blood transfusions

Answer 37

Port-a-cath

Question 38

What

Question 39

What is the purpose of an anode cooling chart?

Answer 39

To determine the proper amount of time between exposures (to allow the anode to cool completely)

Question 40

How does off focus radiation contribute to patient dose, exposing areas outside the collimation?

Answer 40

It exits the tube at angles that allow it to bypass the collimator leaves.

Question 41

How does off focus radiation decrease Spatial resolution?

Answer 41

The misaligned photons (not aligned with the beam) can add to blur on the edges of objects within the image.

Question 42

Off focus radiation can disturb the brightness and contrast of the entire image if it creates enough exposure to interfere with the process of...

Answer 42

Histogram analysis (exposes anatomy outside the collimated area)

Question 43

When patient tissue appears outside the collimated borders, this is due to .... and can be corrected by ...

Answer 43

Due to off focus radiation; corrected by shuttering and possibly redefining values of interest to reprocess the image again.

Question 44

What exam results in the largest amount of heat units and requires the longest anode cooling time? 2 view chest 3 view L spine Adult bone survey

Answer 44

The adult bone survey because it includes approximately 20 exposures.