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Board Review Final sets a > mixed review deck 8 > Flashcards

mixed review deck 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

Anything introduced during pregnancy that impacts the typical development of a fetus

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2
Q

4 categories of teratogenic effects

A

carcinogenic, lethal, malformations, and cerebral effects

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3
Q

What is the approximate threshold dose for all of these types of teratogenic effects: lethal effects, malformations, and cerebral effects?

A

about 100 mGy

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4
Q

During what stage of pregnancy are lethal effects most likely?

A

pre-implantation (at a threshold of 100 mGy)

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5
Q

What general category of teratogenic effects are most likely to occur during organogenesis (10 days to 6 weeks)

A

malformations (including growth retardation, microcephaly–obvious physical deformities)

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6
Q

During the fetal period (6 weeks to birth), what category of teratogenic effects are most likely to occur?

A

cerebral effects (microcephaly, mental retardation, reduced IQ)

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7
Q

What is the average FETAL dose of an AP abdomen x-ray?

A

3 mGy

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8
Q

Average dose to the fetus for an AP L-spine

A

4 mGy

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9
Q

Average fetal dose for an IVU

A

8 mGy

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10
Q

Average dose to the fetus for a CT abdomen exam and a CT pelvic exam

A

CT abdomen, 10 mGy
CT pelvis, 20 mGy

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11
Q

4 fluoroscopic procedures with fetal doses that approach the 100 mGy threshold for teratogenic effects

A

barium enema (17 mGy)
hysterosalpingogram (30 mGy)
UGI with small bowel series (40 mGy)
cystourethrogram (50 mGy)

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12
Q

Acute radiation syndrome is a ____ effect with a ____ threshold that occurs ____ after exposure.

A

deterministic effect, very high threshold, occurs soon after exposure (early effect)

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13
Q

Define LD 50/60

A

the dose of radiation that will kill 50% of the population within 60 days with no medical intervention

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14
Q

What is the LD 50/60 for humans?

A

Between 3-4 grey

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15
Q

x-ray tube rating is calculated and expressed as …

A

the allowable kilowatts (kW) per 0.1 seconds

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16
Q

tube loading refers to …

A

the heat created within the x-ray tube

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17
Q

Name the 4 main factors influencing tube loading

A

exposure time, filament size, anode angle, anode rotation speed

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18
Q

Triple lumen nasoenteric tube with a gastric balloon, esophageal balloon and gastric suction port, AND a condition it is often used to treat

A

Sengstaken-Blakemore tube
Bleeding esophageal varices

19
Q

Oxygen is available thru wall outlets at what pressure?

A

60 to 80 pounds per square inch

20
Q

Of these nasoenteric tubes, which are single lumen and which are double lumen

Cantor
Harris
Miller-Abbot

A

Single:
Cantor, Harris

S
Double:
Miller-Abbot

21
Q

What type of tube is a Dobhoff tube?

A

Nasogastric

22
Q

2 types of central lines that are tunneled catheters used long term for parenteral nutrition and dialysis

A

Hickman and Raaf catheters

23
Q

3 purposes of the PICC line and central venous catheter when used short term?

Which of these can thr PICC line also do long term?

A

Short term. Administer meds, draw blood, monitor right atrial blood pressure

Picc long term can do all these EXCEPT monitor RA BP

24
Q

Range of tympanic body temperature for infant and children up to 4 years old

A

96.4 to 100.4 F

25
Q

What process retards the growth of pathogenic bacteria?

A

Antisepsis

26
Q

Normal range for creatinine

A

0.7 to 1.5 mg/dL (or mg/100 mL, same thing)

27
Q

Normal adult GFR

A

90 to 120 mL/minute

28
Q

Inspissation

A

When barium in large bowel becomes thickened due to absorption of its fluid content

29
Q

Reactions to contrast media generally occur within _____ following injection

A

2 to 10 minutes

30
Q

What is pruritis and what level of contrast reaction does it signify?

A

Itching. Mild reaction.

31
Q

Most common REACTION (not side effect) to contrast

A

Hives

32
Q

A category 1 pt on metformin (Glucophage) shows no evidence of AKI based on what eGFR value?

A

30 mL/min/1.73 mL or greater

33
Q

Cdc estimates what percentage of hospital patients will acquire some type of HAI

A

5 to 15%

34
Q

Disinfectants, germicides, antiseptic

Which are used for hard surfaces? Tissue?

A

Germicides and disinfectants kill pathogens and are for hard surfaces

Antiseptics retard growth of pathogens and are used on soft tissue

35
Q

Normal BUN range

A

7 to 21 mg/dL

36
Q

Normal platelet count

A

150,000 to 400,000 per cubic mm

37
Q

Long term implanted venous access device used for chemo and blood transfusions

A

Port-a-cath

38
Q

What

A
39
Q

What is the purpose of an anode cooling chart?

A

To determine the proper amount of time between exposures (to allow the anode to cool completely)

40
Q

How does off focus radiation contribute to patient dose, exposing areas outside the collimation?

A

It exits the tube at angles that allow it to bypass the collimator leaves.

41
Q

How does off focus radiation decrease Spatial resolution?

A

The misaligned photons (not aligned with the beam) can add to blur on the edges of objects within the image.

42
Q

Off focus radiation can disturb the brightness and contrast of the entire image if it creates enough exposure to interfere with the process of…

A

Histogram analysis (exposes anatomy outside the collimated area)

43
Q

When patient tissue appears outside the collimated borders, this is due to …. and can be corrected by …

A

Due to off focus radiation; corrected by shuttering and possibly redefining values of interest to reprocess the image again.

44
Q

What exam results in the largest amount of heat units and requires the longest anode cooling time?

2 view chest
3 view L spine
Adult bone survey

A

The adult bone survey because it includes approximately 20 exposures.

Board Review Final sets a (12 decks)

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