Mixed Review Deck 5

Question 1

Which tangential patella projection requires a special apparatus to examine bilateral patellae?

Answer 1

Merchant

Question 2

What are 2 prone positions for tangential patellae, and how many degrees of flexion does each require?

Answer 2

Settegast: 90
Hughston: 55

Question 3

What cholangiographic procedure uses an indwelling drainage tube for contrast administration?

Answer 3

T tube cholangiography

Question 4

In ERCP, an endoscope with a cannula is placed in the _____ to administer contrast.

Answer 4

Hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)

Question 5

Decreased anode angle does what to the heel effect?

Answer 5

Increased heel effect

Question 6

Femur anatomy; the intertrochanteric crest is found between the trochanters anteriorly or posterior?

The intertrochanteric line?

Answer 6

Crest is posterior
Line is anterior

Question 7

All of these are associated with the posterior femur except…

A. Popliteal surface
B. Intercondyloid fossa
C. Intertrochanteric line
D. Linea aspera

Answer 7

C. Intertrochanteric line

Question 8

For pediatrics, if an infant is in respiratory distress, how should a CXR be done?

Answer 8

AP erect will minimize aggravating distress

Question 9

Kidney radiography in pediatrics, the CR should be directed
..

Answer 9

Midway between diaphragm and pubic symphysis.

Question 10

Cxr on a neonate should be performed in the ___ position

Answer 10

Supine

Question 11

For a right ventral decubitus abdomen, which side is against the IR?

Answer 11

The left

Question 12

What type of dose response curve illustrates erythema

Answer 12

Nonlinear threshold. Response occurs slowly initially and increases sharply as exposure increases.

Question 13

During a dual contrast UGI on a patient with a sthenic body habitus, the radiologist visualizes a lesion on the AP projection, midway between the fundus and the pylorus. Which comparison view will best determine whether the lesion is on the anterior or posterior lining of the stomach?

Answer 13

Right lateral. Barium will pool in the pylorus and duodenum, standing the stomach up like a funnel. (A left lateral would pool barium in the greater curvature, obscuring most surfaces).

Question 14

With an inflated stomach (during a dual contrast exam), lesions can be effectively localized with what views (generally speaking)?

Answer 14

Two views at 90 degree angles to each other.

Question 15

How is diaphragmatic paralysis best demonstrated?

Answer 15

Using fluoroscopy, have the patient sniff. Rapid inspiration will cause a quick downward thrust of a normal hemidiaphragm, but a paralyzed diaphragm will rise.

Question 16

What projection is obtained with the patient prone, knee flexed 40 degrees, CR directed caudad, 40 degrees to the popliteal fossa?

Answer 16

Camp Coventry method for intercondyloid fossa

Question 17

What projection is obtained with the patient supine, IR under the flexed knee, and the CR directed cephalad to the knee, perpendicular to the tibia?

Answer 17

Beclere method, intercondyloid fossa

Question 18

To obtain a PA patella, the patient is prone; what is done with the heel and the CR?

Answer 18

Heel is rotated 5 to 10 degrees laterally, and the CR is directed perpendicular to the knee joint.

Question 19

Single vs double contrast large bowel studies:

Which is best to demonstrate the bowel wall and anything projecting into it?

Which will show projections/outpouchings from the intestinal wall, eg diverticulosis/diverticulitis?

Answer 19

DOUBLE contrast will show bowel wall and anything projecting into it.

SINGLE contrast will demonstrate projections or outpouchings from the intestinal wall (e.g. diverticulosis/diverticulitis)

Question 20

Damage to the DNA double helix ladder, resulting in spurs that form unintended bonds that join the macromolecule into irregular loops, is called …

Answer 20

cross-linking

Question 21

DNA damage where a single bond is broken on one side of the ladder.

Answer 21

single side rail scission

Question 22

DNA damage where both sides of the double helix ladder are broken, resulting in a free-floating fragment

Answer 22

main-chain or double side rail scission

Question 23

On a histogram, what do the X and Y axes represent?

Answer 23

X axis: the tonal values of the pixels and their distribution within the image

Y axis: the frequency/number of pixels that display a particular tone/value

Question 24

A narrow histogram indicates a ____ contrast image

Answer 24

low contrast: Blacks from the left and whites from the right are squeezed together into shades of gray.

Question 25

Explain how a short scale of contrast corresponds with a wide histogram.

Answer 25

Short scale (high) contrast indicates great differences between shades of black and white, and few shades of gray in between. On a histogram, this means that the black values on the left are very far from the white values on the right, with little (gray) in between.

Question 26

Which of the following are rare earth phosphors?

1. lanthanum oxybromide
2. gadolinium oxysulfide
3. cesium iodide

Answer 26

1 and 2 only

Question 27

A penetrometer, or aluminum step wedge, is used to demonstrate …

Answer 27

the effect of kV on contrast

Question 28

A metal added to the cathode filament of an x-ray tube to increase thermionic emission and extend filament life is …

Answer 28

thorium

Question 29

A radiation dose of at least ____ mGy to the fetus during the first trimester, especially weeks 2 through 8, can produce fetal anomalies (skeletal, neurologic, intellectual disabilities or childhood malignancies)

Answer 29

250 mGy (per bootcamp, threshold is 100 mGy)

Question 30

The likelihood of producing fetal anomalies at doses below ___ is exceedingly small.

Answer 30

20 mGy

Question 31

Fetal irradiation during the first two weeks of gestation can cause …

Answer 31

spontaneous abortion

Question 32

How is the x-ray beam quantity and quality changed by the addition of one HVL of filtration?

Answer 32

The beam quantity is reduced by half.
Beam quality is INCREASED.

Question 33

Beam ___ describes the total intensity of the xray beam

Answer 33

quantity

Question 34

HVL layer is a way of measuring what aspect of the x-ray beam?

Answer 34

Beam energy. Beam energy directly affects the thickness of the material required to reduce it to half of its original value.

Question 35

A low HVL indicates a beam of ___ energy; a high HVL indicates a beam of ___ energy.

Answer 35

low HVL = low average beam energy
high HVL = high average beam energy

Question 36

An increase in the measured HVL of an x-ray tube indicates that _____ has increased (beam intensity, or beam hardness?)

Answer 36

Beam hardness has increased. An increased HVL means the average energy of the beam has increased.

Question 37

As the x-ray tube ages, the measured half-value layer is expected to … (increase or decrease)?

Answer 37

It is expected to increase! This is because increasing tungsten accumulation on the glass envelope has a filtering effect on the x-ray beam, meaning that the beam created by the tube has a higher average energy and requires an increased HVL thickness.

Question 38

The ____, located on the posterior border of the femur’s body or shaft, is a rough bony ridge. It serves as an attachment site for intermuscular septa and various muscles. The adductor magnus, the largest adductor muscle, inserts directly onto this prominence.

Answer 38

linea aspera

Question 39

What delivers a greater dose to the ovaries?

AP abdomen at 70 kVp or
AP abdomen at 80 kVp

Answer 39

AP abdomen at 70 kVp because there will be less penetration, more absorption!

(At 70, ovarian dose is 0.08 mGy and at 80, it is 0.068)

Question 40

What delivers a greater dose to the ovaries, AP L spine at 80 kVp, or AP abdomen at 80 kVp?

Answer 40

AP L spine, which will deliver ovarian dose between 0.07 and 0.09 mGy depending on receptor size

Vs. Abdomen 0.068 mGy

Question 41

If asked what factors together pose the most hazard to a particular anode, given focal spot size, mAs and kVp…

Answer 41

Calculate HU
Answer is the smallest focal spot and greatest number of HU!

Question 42

Who should perform annual and post repair medical physics performance evaluations of the display monitor?

Answer 42

Medical physicist

Question 43

When should the QC technologist disassemble the display monitor to clean its internal control devices?

Answer 43

Never!!

Question 44

Mammo units shouldn’t have anything greater than 1.0 mm AL eq filtration because…

What would be appropriate?

Answer 44

More filtration would harden the beam too much for soft tissue radiography, which requires long wavelength, low energy photons.

About 0.5 mm molybdenum

Question 45

For AP L spine on a hypersthenic pt is it better to adjust AEC calibration with + density, or increase kVp?

Answer 45

Increase kVp!! + density will just increase dose, chance of motion.

Question 46

AP weight bearing feet CR?

Answer 46

15 degrees posteriorly (additional 5 degrees to allow for part position)

Question 47

3 phase equipment voltage never falls below ____ to ______ % of its max value

Answer 47

87 to 96.5% of its max value

Question 48

3 phase 6 pulse voltage ripple is…

Answer 48

13%

Question 49

3 phase 12 pulse voltage ripple

Answer 49

3.5%

Question 50

Off-focus and scatter radiation outside the exposure field in CR can cause…

Answer 50

Widening of the histogram (detected as additional information)

Question 51

If an erect position is requested as part of an IVU, it is used to demonstrate…

Answer 51

Kidney mobility and to rule out nephroptosis.

Question 52

Digital post processing method that removes high frequency noise from an image.

Answer 52

Smoothing (a/k/a low pass filtering)