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CHEM 46 > Mixed 5 > Flashcards

Mixed 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Anabolism

Select one:

a. All of these answers are correct
b. Generally requires energy
c. Is also known as biosynthesis
d. Results in the increased size and complexity of structures
e. Refers to the build-up of substances

A

a. All of these answers are correct

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2
Q

ATP can be used for

Select one:

a. All of these answers are correct
b. Muscle contractions
c. Body heat
d. Active transport
e. Activating enzymes

A

a. All of these answers are correct

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3
Q

ATP contains a nucleotide (adenine), a sugar (D-ribofuranose) and three phosphates. The phosphates are joined using two phosphoric ester bonds and one phosphoric anhydride bond. True or False?

A

False. It has TWO phosphoric anhydride bonds and ONE phosphoric ester bond

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4
Q

ATP synthase is also known as

Select one:

a. Complex III
b. Complex II
c. Complex IV
d. Complex I
e. Complex V

A

e. Complex V

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5
Q

Cells that use a lot of energy have more mitochondria than less active cells. True or False?

A

True

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6
Q

GTP

Select one:

a. Is similar to ATP but guanine replaces adenosine
b. Can serve as a phosphate donor in some biochemical reactions
c. Stores energy in high-energy phosphoric anhydride bonds
d. All of these answers are correct
e. Can be readily converted to ATP

A

d. All of these answers are correct

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7
Q

FAD is a derivative of the B vitamin riboflavin. True or False?

A

True

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8
Q

Step 1 of the citric acid cycle is positively regulated by ATP. True or False?

A

False

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9
Q

The common catabolic pathway is called beta-oxidation. True or False?

A

False. Acetyl-CoA is a more common catabolic pathway.

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10
Q

The energy released during catabolism is conserved as

Select one:

a. CoQ
b. NADH
c. AMP
d. ATP
e. FAD

A

d. ATP

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11
Q

The formation of citrate occurs at what step of the citric acid cycle?

Select one:

a. Step 1
b. Step 6
c. Step 2
d. Step 5
e. Step 4

A

a. Step 1

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12
Q

What do NAD+ and FAD carry from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain?

Select one:

a. Acetyl CoA
b. Oxygen
c. Carbon dioxide
d. Adenosine triposphate
e. Hydrogen

A

e. Hydrogen

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13
Q

Which step of the citric acid cycle generates GTP?

Select one:

a. Step 6
b. Step 4
c. Step 1
d. Step 5
e. Step 2

A

d. Step 5

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14
Q

Amino acids can be absorbed along the entire length of the small intestine. True or False?

A

True

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15
Q

Amino acids in the body are primarily used to

Select one:

a. Produce energy
b. Produce testosterone
c. Synthesize glucose
d. Form ketone bodies
e. Synthesize new proteins

A

e. Synthesize new proteins

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16
Q

Ammonia

Select one:

a. In high concentrations in the liver may lead to a coma
b. All of these answers are correct
c. Is toxic and must be eliminated from the system
d. Can build up in the liver with liver failure
e. Is converted to urea through the urea cycle

A

b. All of these answers are correct

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17
Q

Carbohydrates must be broken down into their monosaccharide constituents (and a small number of remaining disaccharides), before they are able to be absorbed by intestinal mucosal cells. True or False?

A

True

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18
Q

Frome one glucose molecule, glycolysis will produce

Select one:

a. 4 pyruvate
b. 5 pyruvate
c. 3 pyruvate
d. 1 pyruvate
e. 2 pyruvate

A

e. 2 pyruvate

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19
Q

Humans excrete nitrogen in the form of ammonia. True or False?

A

False. Ammonia is converted to urea before extraction

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20
Q

Pyruvate is generally converted to lactate in aerobic metabolism. True or False?

A

False

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21
Q

Step 1 of glycolysis

Select one:

a. All of these answers are correct
b. Involves the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
c. Requires magnesium and ATP for the reaction to occur
d. Is negatively regulated by glucose-6-phosphate
e. Is a phosphorylation reaction

A

a. All of these answers are correct

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22
Q

The pathway that breaks down glucose in order to generate energy, is referred to as

Select one:

a. Gluconeogenesis
b. Transamination
c. Glycolysis
d. Deamination
e. Beta oxidation

A

c. Glycolysis

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23
Q

The transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to an amino acid carbon skeleton is called

Select one:

a. Beta oxidation
b. Glycolysis
c. Transamination
d. Deamination
e. The urea cycle

A

c. Transamination

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24
Q

Under aerobic conditions pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA in order to enter the citric acid cycle. True or False?

A

True

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25
Q

What is the net yield of ATP in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate (during glycolysis only)?

Select one:

a. 4
b. None
c. 2
d. 3
e. 1

A

c. 2

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26
Q

What is the other term for the carbon skeleton of an amino acid?

Select one:

a. Ketogenic amino acid
b. α-ketoacid
c. Glucogenic amino acid
d. Urea
e. Ammonia

A

b. α-ketoacid

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27
Q

Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding aminotransferases?

Select one:

a. Liver damage can lead to higher than normal concentrations in the blood
b. They catalyze deamination reactions
c. ALT and AST are two of the most active aminotransferases
d. They typically require a form of vitamin B6 as a coenzyme
e. They catalyze transamination reactions

A

b. They catalyze deamination reactions

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28
Q

Which steps of glycolysis require the investment of ATP for reactions to occur?

Select one:

a. 1 and 3
b. 5 and 9
c. 8 and 10
d. 6 and 8
e. All steps in glycolysis require ATP for the reaction to occur

A

a. 1 and 3

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29
Q

Chylomicrons are lipoproteins that are responsible for transporting exogenous (dietary) lipids. True or False?

A

True

30
Q

Excess ketone bodies are secreted in the urine. True or False?

A

True. Excess ketone bodies can accumulate in the blood which causes ketoacidosis.

31
Q

Fatty acids (in the form of acyl CoA) are transported from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria by

Select one:

a. Carnitine
b. Coenzyme A
c. Methionine
d. Lysine
e. Creatinine

A

a. Carnitine

32
Q

Glycerol

Select one:

a. Directly enters the electron transport chain
b. Is converted to acetyl CoA to enter the glycolysis pathway
c. Is broken down by the urea cycle
d. Is broken down by β-oxidation
e. Is converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate to enter the glycolysis pathway

A

e. Is converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate to enter the glycolysis pathway

33
Q

Ketone body formation occurs

Select one:

a. With very low carbohydrate diets
b. All of these answers are correct
c. When there is insufficient insulin for glucose to be effectively utilized
d. During starvation
e. When there is insufficient carbohydrates to meet the body’s energy needs

A

b. All of these answers are correct

34
Q

Lingual lipase and gastric lipase act preferentially on triglycerides containing long-chain fatty acids. True or False?

A

False

35
Q

Once the fatty acid (in the form of acyl CoA) is in the mitochondrion, β-oxidation begins. The order of steps that occur is

Select one:

a. Hydration, thiolytic cleavage, hydration, thiolytic cleavage
b. Hydration, hydration, dehydrogenation, thiolytic cleavage
c. Thiolytic cleavage, dehydrogenation, hydration, dehydrogenation
d. Dehydrogenation, thiolytic cleavage, hydration, dehydrogenation
e. Dehydrogenation, hydration, dehydrogenation, thiolytic cleavage

A

e. Dehydrogenation, hydration, dehydrogenation, thiolytic cleavage

36
Q

Propionyl CoA

Select one:

a. All of these answers are correct
b. Remains after the β-oxidation of a fatty acid with an odd number of carbons
c. Can be converted to succinyl CoA
d. Is a three carbon molecule
e. None of these answers are correct

A

a. All of these answers are correct

37
Q

The body preferentially uses fatty acids as an energy supply. True or False?

A

False

38
Q

The complete β-oxidation of stearic acid (18 carbons) yields

Select one:

a. 18 FADH2, 18 NADH and 18 acetyl CoA
b. 8 FADH2, 8 NADH and 9 acetyl CoA
c. 6 FADH2, 6 NADH and 7 acetyl CoA
d. 10 FADH2, 8 NADH and 8 acetyl CoA
e. 2 FADH2, 3 NADH and 12 acetyl CoA

A

b. 8 FADH2, 8 NADH and 9 acetyl CoA

39
Q

Triglycerides account for nearly 95% of dietary fat. True or False?

A

True

40
Q

When the fatty acid enters the cell of the metabolising tissue, it is activated by coenzyme A. This requires the equivalent of

Select one:

a. 2 ATP
b. 12 ATP
c. 6 ATP
d. 1 ATP
e. 4 ATP

A

a. 2 ATP

41
Q

Which of the following are ketone bodies?

Select one:

a. Glycerol 1-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
b. Carnitine and Acetoacetate
c. Thiolase and enoyl CoA hydratase
d. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glycerol
e. Acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate

A

e. Acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate

42
Q

Which of the following is required for the β-oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids but not saturated fatty acids?

Select one:

a. Enoyl CoA isomerase
b. Enoyl CoA hydratase
c. 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase
d. Acyl CoA dehydrogenase
e. Thiolase

A

a. Enoyl CoA isomerase

43
Q

β-oxidation breaks down

Select one:

a. All of these answers are correct
b. Fatty acids with an even number of carbons
c. Unsaturated fatty acids
d. Saturated fatty acids
e. Fatty acids with an odd number of carbons

A

a. All of these answers are correct

44
Q

Biosynthesis of fatty acids involves the stepwise additions of how many carbon units at a time?

Select one:

a. 3
b. 2
c. 4
d. it does not involve carbon units
e. 1

A

b. 2

45
Q

Biosynthetic pathways always generate ATP. True or False?

A

False

46
Q

Biosynthetic pathways have all of the same regulatory enzymes as catabolic pathway. True or False?

A

False

47
Q

Gluconeogenesis

Select all that apply:

a. Mostly takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell
b. All of these answers are correct
c. Involves many of the same enzymes as glycolysis
d. Can involve the kidneys during prolonged starvation
e. Primarily occurs in the liver

A

All of these answers are correct

48
Q

Glucose can be synthesized from

Select all that apply:

a. Oxaloacetate
b. All of these answers are correct
c. Pyruvate
d. Glucogenic amino acids
e. Lactate

A

All of these answers are correct

49
Q

If a biosynthetic pathways is blocked, the body is sometimes able to use the reverse of the catabolic pathway to make the same compound. True or False?

A

True

50
Q

Most biosynthetic reactions take place in the cytoplasm. True or False?

A

True

51
Q

Phosphatidylcholine is a common phospholipid referred to as

Select one:

a. Serine
b. Arginine
c. Leucine
d. Lecithin
e. Fructose

A

d. Lecithin

52
Q

Red blood cells are particularly dependent on glucose as an energy source. True or False?

A

True

53
Q

The enzyme involved in the rate-limiting step of cholesterol synthesis is

Select one:

a. None of these answers are correct
b. HMG CoA lyase
c. HMG CoA dehydratase
d. HMG CoA reductase
e. HMG CoA carboxylase

A

d. HMG CoA reductase. Converts HMG-CoA to mavelonate, the rate-limiting step.

b. Involved in ketone body synthesis, not cholesterol synthesis.
c. Involved in ketone body synthesis, not cholesterol synthesis.
d. Involved in the synthesis of ketone bodies and fatty acids.

54
Q

The extension of a fatty acid chain occurs through

Select one:

a. Oxidation, Reduction, Oxidation, Condensation
b. Condensation, Reduction, Dehydration, Reduction
c. Saturation, Condensation, Reduction, Reduction
d. Reduction, Reduction, Condensation, Dehydration
e. Condensation, Dehydration, Hydration, Oxidation

A

b. Condensation, Reduction, Dehydration, Reduction

55
Q

The four rings of cholesterol are formed from the cyclisation of

Select one:

a. Acetyl CoA
b. Squalene
c. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate
d. Farnesyl pyrophosphate
e. Mevalonate

A

b. Squalene

56
Q

The process by which glucose is synthesised in the body is referred to as

Select one:

a. Glycolysis
b. All of these answers are correct
c. Gluconeogenesis
d. Glycogenesis
e. Glycogenolysis

A

c. Gluconeogenesis

57
Q

Which of the following is INCORRECT?

Select one:

a. The body only requires the essential amino acids, the others are not required for the synthesis of protein chains
b. The body requires 20 different amino acids to synthesise its protein chains
c. Nonessential amino acids can be synthesized from the intermediates of the citric acid cycle
d. Nonessential amino acids can be synthesized from the intermediates of glycolysis
e. The amino acids that cannot be synthesized and must come from the diet, are referred to as the essential amino acids

A

a. The body only requires the essential amino acids, the others are not required for the synthesis of protein chains

58
Q

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT

Select one:

a. Nearly all of the acetyl CoA generated from metabolic processes, is formed in the cytoplasm
b. Acetyl CoA is unable to pass through the mitochondrial membrane
c. Acetyl CoA is the carbon source for fatty acid biosynthesis
d. In order for the synthesis of fatty acids to occur acetyl CoA must be moved into the cytosol
e. Acetyl CoA is derived from pyruvate oxidation and the oxidation of fatty acids

A

a. Nearly all of the acetyl CoA generated from metabolic processes, is formed in the cytoplasm

59
Q

Glucagon

Select one:

a. Stimulates glycolysis
b. Stimulates glycogen synthesis
c. Is secreted in response to raised blood glucose levels
d. Is released by pancreatic beta cells
e. Stimulates gluconeogenesis

A

b. Stimulates glycogen synthesis

60
Q

Glucose can be used as a precursor for the synthesis of both the glycerol and fatty acid components of triglycerides. True or False?

A

True

61
Q

Glucose levels in the body must be maintained at a constant level both during meals and in the fasted state. True or False?

A

True

62
Q

In the fed state, carbohydrates are

Select one:

a. Converted into fatty acids for storage in adipose tissue
b. Stored as glycogen
c. Used to produce nucleotides through the pentose phosphate pathway
d. Broken down through glycolysis to provide energy
e. All of these answers are correct

A

e. All of these answers are correct

63
Q

Insulin

Select one:

a. Increases glycolysis
b. Enhances triglyceride synthesis
c. Increases the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
d. Enhances glycogen synthesis
e. All of these answers are correct

A

e. All of these answers are correct

64
Q

Insulin causes an increase in the activity of GLUT4 transporters which increase the uptake of glucose into the

Select one:

a. Adipose tissue
b. Liver
c. Muscles
d. Muscle, adipose tissue and liver
e. Muscles and adipose tissue

A

d. Muscle, adipose tissue and liver

65
Q

Ketone bodies are formed

Select one:

a. During starvation
b. During starvation, diabetes mellitus or when carbohydrate intake is inadequate (with an insufficient calorie intake)
c. During starvation or diabetes mellitus
d. During starvation, diabetes mellitus or when carbohydrate intake is inadequate (even if sufficient calories are consumed)

A

d. During starvation, diabetes mellitus or when carbohydrate intake is inadequate (even if sufficient calories are consumed)

66
Q

Most dietary fat is transported through the blood by

Select one:

a. Micelles
b. Lipase
c. GLUT4 transporters
d. Chylomicrons
e. GLUT2 transporters

A

d. Chylomicrons

67
Q

The early fasted state is considered to begin as soon as food is finished being consumed. True or False?

A

False

68
Q

When excess calories are consumed, which of the following macronutrients are capable of being stored as fat?

Select one:

a. Carbohydrates, lipids and protein
b. Carbohydrates and protein
c. Lipids
d. Carbohydrates and lipids
e. Carbohydrates

A

a. Carbohydrates, lipids and protein

69
Q

Which amino acids can be used to produce energy?

Select one:

a. Glucogenic amino acids
b. Only alanine
c. Ketogenic amino acids
d. All of the amino acids
e. Only lysine or leucine

A

d. All of the amino acids

70
Q

Which of the following is the preferred fuel source of red blood cells?

Select one:

a. Any of these macronutrients are used interchangeably
b. Glucose
c. Fatty acids
d. Amino acids
e. Glucose or fatty acids

A

b. Glucose

71
Q

Which of the following macronutrients are capable of providing the body with the energy that it needs on a short-term basis?

Select one:

a. Lipids
b. All of these answers are correct
c. Carbohydrates and lipids
d. Carbohydrates
e. Protein

A

b. All of these answers are correct

72
Q
A

CHEM 46 (15 decks)

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