Mixed 2 Flashcards
Which amino acid is directly converted to oxaloacetate in the Krebs cycle?
A) Aspartate
B) Alanine
C) Glutamate
D) Serine
A) Aspartate
What are the three enzymes involved in the ubiquitination process?
E1 (Ubiquitin-activating enzyme), E2 (Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), E3 (Ubiquitin-protein ligase)
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of argininosuccinate to arginine and fumarate?
A) Argininosuccinate synthase
B) Ornithine transcarbamoylase
C) Argininosuccinate lyase
D) Arginase
C) Argininosuccinate lyase
True or False: All proteins are hydrolyzed into free amino acids.
False
Which enzyme catalyzes the transfer of the amino group of aspartate to a-ketoglutarate?
A) Alanine aminotransferase
B) Aspartate aminotransferase
C) Glutamate dehydrogenase
D) Serine dehydratase
B) Aspartate aminotransferase
True or False: The liver is the major site of amino acid degradation in mammals.
True
Which amino acid can be directly converted into NH4+ without first being transferred to a-ketoglutarate?
A) Serine
B) Alanine
C) Aspartate
D) Glutamate
A) Serine
What prosthetic group is required for the transamination reaction?
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
True or False: Glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glutamate.
True
What is the product when alanine reacts with a-ketoglutarate?
Pyruvate and Glutamate
True or False: Asparagine is directly transaminated into oxaloacetate.
False
Which enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of asparagine to aspartate?
A) Aspartate aminotransferase
B) Asparaginase
C) Glutaminase
D) Serine dehydratase
B) Asparaginase
True or False: Glutamine is converted to glutamate by glutaminase.
True
Which amino acid can be converted into acetyl-CoA and glycine?
A) Serine
B) Threonine
C) Alanine
D) Cysteine
B) Threonine. Can be converted to Acetyl-CoA or glycine with the enzyme threonine dehydrogenase.
A) Converted to pyruvate, which can then be converted to acetyl-CoA, but it is not directly converted to glycine.
C) Primarily converted to pyruvate.
D) Converted to pyruvate or to other sulfur-containing compounds, but not directly to acetyl-CoA or glycine.
What intermediate is formed when serine is deaminated?
Pyruvate and NH4+
True or False: The urea cycle begins with the nucleophilic acyl substitution of ornithine with carbamoyl phosphate.
True
Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of citrulline from ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate?
A) Argininosuccinate synthase
B) Ornithine transcarbamoylase
C) Arginase
D) Serine dehydratase
B) Ornithine transcarbamoylase
True or False: Fumarate is a product of the urea cycle.
True
What is the final product of the urea cycle?
Urea
True or False: The conversion of ammonia into urea begins with its reaction with bicarbonate ion and ATP.
True
True or False: Branched-chain amino acids are primarily degraded in the liver.
False
Which enzyme catalyzes the transamination of alanine to pyruvate?
A) Aspartate aminotransferase
B) Alanine aminotransferase
C) Glutamate dehydrogenase
D) Serine dehydratase
B) Alanine aminotransferase
True or False: Threonine dehydratase is involved in the direct deamination of threonine.
True
What is the primary site of amino acid degradation in mammals?
Liver
True or False: Glutamate dehydrogenase requires NAD+ for the oxidative deamination of glutamate.
True
Which amino acid is converted into oxaloacetate via transamination?
A) Alanine
B) Aspartate
C) Glutamate
D) Serine
B) Aspartate
True or False: Alanine is directly converted to acetyl-CoA.
False
Which amino acid can be converted to pyruvate through transamination?
A) Alanine
B) Glutamate
C) Aspartate
D) Serine
A) Alanine
True or False: Leucine is a ketogenic amino acid.
True. Leucine is broken down into acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate, both of which are ketone body precursors. It cannot be converted into glucose.
What is the final product of the oxidative deamination of glutamate?
NH4+ and α-Ketoglutarate
True or False: All amino acids can be converted to glucose.
False
Which cycle converts nitrogen from amino acids into urea?
A) Krebs cycle
B) Calvin cycle
C) Urea cycle
D) Cori cycle
C) Urea cycle
True or False: Citrulline is an intermediate in the urea cycle.
True
Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of arginine in the urea cycle?
A) Argininosuccinate synthase
B) Ornithine transcarbamoylase
C) Argininosuccinate lyase
D) Arginase
C) Argininosuccinate lyase
True or False: The urea cycle is linked to the Krebs cycle through fumarate.
True
Which molecule is the carrier of activated carbon dioxide in the urea cycle?
A) Biotin
B) Ubiquitin
C) Carbamoyl phosphate
D) Pyridoxal phosphate
C) Carbamoyl phosphate
True or False: Fumarate is produced in the conversion of argininosuccinate to arginine.
True
What is the source of the first nitrogen atom in the urea cycle?
Ammonia
True or False: The liver is the only organ capable of performing the urea cycle.
True
Which molecule serves as the initial acceptor of the nitrogen in the urea cycle?
A) Ornithine
B) Citrulline
C) Arginine
D) Fumarate
A) Ornithine