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Biology > Mitosis/Meiosis > Flashcards

Mitosis/Meiosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mitosis

A

Second main stage of the cell cycle during which the cell’s replicated DNA divides and two genetically identical diploid daughter cells are produced

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2
Q

Order of Mitosis

A

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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3
Q

Prophase

A

First stage of mitosis
- Cell’s chromatin condenses into chromosomes.

  • The centrioles move to opposite sides of nucleus and help organize the spindle. (In animal cells)
  • The spindle forms and DNA strands attach at a point called their centromere.
  • The nucleolus disappears and nuclear envelope breaks down.
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4
Q

Metaphase

A

Second stage of mitosis
- Motor proteins pull sister chromatins to the cell’s equator.

  • The centromeres of the duplicated chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.
  • The spindle fibers connect the centromere of each chromosome to the two poles of the spindle.
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5
Q

Anaphase

A

Third stage of mitosis
- Sister chromatids are pulled apart and microtubules, along with proteins, move chromosones to opposite poles of the cell.

  • The centromeres are pulled apart and the chromatids separate to become individual chromosomes.
  • The chromosomes separate into two groups near the poles of the spindle.
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6
Q

Telophase

A

Last stage of mitosis
- Nucleoli reappear.

- Two nuclear membranes begin to form, but the cell has not yet completely divided.

  • Chromosomes spread out into a tangle of chromatin.
  • A nuclear envelope re-forms around each cluster of chromosomes.
  • The spindle breaks apart, and a nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter nucleus.
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7
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Third main stage of the cell cycle.
- Cells cytoplasm divides which creates a new cell.

  • Division of the cytoplasm
  • The process of cytokinesis is different in animal and plant cells.
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8
Q

Interphase

A

The period when the cell is in a non-dividing state.

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9
Q

Chromosomes

A

The genetic information that is passed on from one generation of cells to the next is carried by chromosomes.
Most prokaryotes contain a single, circular DNA molecule, or chromosome, that contains most of the cell’s genetic information.

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10
Q

What are chromosomes made of and where are they located?

A

In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are located in the nucleus, and are made up of chromatin.
Prokaryotic cells lack nuclei. Instead, their DNA molecules are found in the cytoplasm.
Each chromosome consists of two identical “sister” chromatids.
Each pair of chromatids are attached at an area called a centromere.

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11
Q

Phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle

A

The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of four phases:
G1 (first gap phase)
S phase
G2 (second gap phase
M phase

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12
Q

G1 Phase

A

Cell growth
In the G1 phase:
cells increase in size
synthesize new proteins and organelles.

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13
Q

S Phase

A

DNA Replication
In the S (or synthesis) phase:
chromosomes are replicated.

New DNA is synthesized

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14
Q

G2 Phase

A

Preparing for Cell Division
Many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced.

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15
Q

M Phase

A

Cell divison
In eukaryotes, cell division occurs in two stages: mitosis and cytokinesis:

Mitosis: division of the cell nucleus.

Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm.

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16
Q

Cytokinesis in animal cells

A
  • The cell membrane is drawn in until the cytoplasm is pinched into two equal parts.
  • Each part contains its own nucleus and organelles.
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17
Q

Cytokinesis in plant cells

A
  • In plants, the cell membrane is not flexible enough to draw inward because of the rigid cell wall. Instead, a cell plate forms between the divided nuclei that develops into cell membranes.
  • A cell wall then forms in between the two new membranes.
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18
Q

Asexual reproduction

A
  • Asexual reproduction is reproduction that involves a single parent producing an offspring.
  • The offspring produced are genetically identical to the single cell that produced them.
  • Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic single-celled organisms and many multicellular organisms can reproduce asexually.

EXAMPLES:
- Hydras and yeast reproduce by budding.
- Bacteria reproduce by
binary fission.

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19
Q

Sexual reproduction

A
  • In sexual reproduction, offspring are produced by the fusion of two sex cells – one from each of two parents. These fuse into a single cell before the offspring can grow.
  • The offspring produced inherit some genetic information from both parents.
  • Most animals and plants, and many single-celled organisms, reproduce sexually.
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20
Q

Meiosis

A

A type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes and forms gametes.
- A process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.
- Meiosis involves two distinct divisions, called meiosis I and meiosis II.
- By the end of meiosis II, the diploid cell becomes four haploid cells.

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21
Q

Order of Meiosis I & Meosis II

A

READ DOWN NOT LEFT TO RIGHT
Interphase I Prophase II
Prophase I Metaphase II
Metaphase I Anaphase II
Anaphase I Telophase II
Telophase I

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22
Q

Fertilization

A

The fusion of male and female gametes.

  • Generates new combinations of alleles in a zygote.
23
Q

In mitosis, when happens after two sets of genetic material separate, what happens to each daughter cells?

A

Each daughter cell receives one complete set of chromosomes.

24
Q

How many divisions are there for mitosis?

A

1

25
Q

How many divisions are there for meiosis?

A

2

26
Q

Number of daughter cells in mitosis

A

2 cells that are identical

27
Q

Number of daughter cells in meiosis

A

4 daughter cells that are not identical

28
Q

Are the daughter cells in mitosis diploid or haploid.

A

Diploid

29
Q

Are the daughter cells in meiosis diploid or haploid?

A

Haploid

30
Q

Number of chromosomes in mitosis

A

2n

31
Q

Number of chromosomes in meiosis

A

23
n

32
Q

When does crossing-over happen?

A

Prophase I

33
Q

What is the function of spindle fibers?

A

To latch onto centromeres and pull them to the opposite poles.

34
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilized egg

35
Q

What type of cells do mitosis and meiosis produce?

A

Mitosis: Body cells (ex: stomach cells, muscle cells)
Meiosis: Sex cells (ex: egg and sperm)

36
Q

Chromosome

A

Structures that contain genetic information

37
Q

Haploid

A

One set of homologous chromosomes (n)

38
Q

Cancer

A

Uncontrolled cell growth
Division in which body cells lose the ability to control growth and division of cells

39
Q

Stem cells

A

Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells under the right conditions

40
Q

Diploid

A

Two sets of homologous chromosomes

41
Q

Chromatin

A

Relaxed form of DNA in the cell’s nucleus.

42
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

Diversity / Reproduction

43
Q

Sister chromatid

A

Structures that contain identical copies of DNA.

44
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Chromosomes in which one set comes from male parent and one comes from female parent.

45
Q

Gamete

A

Sex cells that have half the number of chromosomes as body cells.

46
Q

True/false
Genes are located at specific position on spindles.

A

False

47
Q

Prophase II

A
  • Chromosomes consist of two chromatids, but they do not pair to form tetrads.
48
Q

Metaphase II

A
  • Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell
49
Q

Telophase II

A
  • A nuclear membrane forms around each cluster of chromosomes and cytokinesis follows, forming four new cells.
50
Q

Anaphase II

A
  • The paired chromatids separate.
  • The centromere splits, freeing the sister chromatids from each other.
51
Q

Differentiation

A

The process where less specialized cells undergo changes to develop specialized structures and functions.
- Occurs after fertilization

52
Q

Daughter cells

A

Result of mitosis and meiosis
Can either be identical or not-identical

53
Q

Tetrad

A

Occurs in prophase I
Ttructure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis

Biology (10 decks)

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