Cellular Respiration Flashcards
Equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H20 + ENERGY
Glucose + Oxygen –> Carbon Dioxide + water + energy
What are the stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
The Krebs Cycle
The Electron Transport Chain
How much ATP can one glucose molecule make?
36 ATP
Glycolysis: 2 ATP
Krebs cycle: 2 ATP
ETC and ATP synthase: 34 ATP
Where does cellular respiration take place?
Takes place in two parts of the cell:
- Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm
- Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria
Glycolysis
Process by which 1 glucose molecule is transformed into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.
- ATP are added to glucose to energize it
- Glucose is used to make 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and 2 NADH molecules
- 4 ATP are also made but there is only a NET production of 2 ATP (2 were used to start process)
How many types of fermentation are there?
Alcoholic fermentation
Lactic Acid fermentation
Equation for alcoholic fermentation
Pyruvic acid + NADH → Alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
Equation for lactic acid fermentation
Pyruvic acid + NADH → Lactic Acid + NAD+
Where does fermantation take place?
The cytoplasm
Aerobic
With oxygen
Anaerobic
Does not directly require oxygen
Alcoholic fermantation
Pyruvate is converted to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
- Only occurs in yeast and a few other microorganisms
- PRODUCTS: Ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide, energy
Used to produce alcoholic beverages and causes bread dough to rise
Lactid acid fermantation
Enzymes convert pyruvate made during glycolysis to lactid acid.
- Occurs in most organisms, including humans.
- Can supply enough ATP to last about 90 seconds.
How do living organisms obtain energy?
Cellular respiration
How is glucose broken down?
Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm through the process of glycolysis.
Fermentation
Process by which NAD+ is regenerated.
During the krebs cycle, where is pyruvate get transported to?
The mitochondrial matrix
In the krebs cycle, what is pyruvate eventually converted to?
Carbon dioxide
NAD+
An electron carrier molecule
Cellular respiration
The process that harvests energy from glucose and turns it into ATP.
What organisms does respiration take place in?
All organisms
Purpose of respiration
To produce energy from food.
Purpose of fermentation
This includes lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
To produce energy without oxygen.
Pyruvate
What your body breaks glucose down into
Metabolism
Process that changes food into a form that can be used by the body.
Glucose
A sugar that plants, animals, and other organisms use as an energy source.
Order of cellular respiration
Step 1: Glycolysis splits glucose to make pyruvate.
Step 2: The Krebs cycle uses pyruvate to make NADH.
Step 3: The ETC uses NADH to transport electrons and move H+.
Step 4: H+ pass through ATP synthase to make ATP.
Mitochondria/Mitochondrion
“Mitochondrion” = single “mitochondria” = plural
A cellular organelle contained within a cell’s cytoplasm that uses various molecules (i.e. - glucose, oxygen, etc.) to produce the ATP necessary for cellular function.
Mitochondria matrix
The innermost region of a mitochondrion.
By pumping protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space, a proton gradient is made for the production of ATP.
How does the krebs cycle make NADH and ATP?
It uses pyruvate to make NADH and ATP
ATP synthase
An enzyme that adds a third phosphate to ADP, creating ATP.
How do H+ ions move into the matrix?
They pass through an enzyme called ATP synthase.
If there was no H+ gradient, no H+ would move through ATP synthase, and ATP would not be made.
Where does the H+ come from that makes ATP synthase work?
The electron transport chain
When is energy released from ATP?
When a phosphate group is removed
