Mitosis (L13)

Question 1

How does acellular RNA store their genetic information?

Answer 1

double/single stranded DNA/RNA

Question 2

How do prokaryotes store genetic information?

Answer 2

Circular, single copy double stranded DNA.

• bacteria is usually just splotchy DNA

Question 3

How do eukaryotes store genetic information?

Answer 3

Linear, single copy, histone-bound DNA (double strands)

Question 4

How are genes packaged?

Answer 4

Genes are supercoiled and packaged in chromosomes.

Remember: genes are carriers of genetic inheritance.

Question 5

An ordered visual representation of chromosomes in a cell

Answer 5

Karyotype

• some applications of karyotypes include: taking blood sample/treating cells with mitogen and colchicine (mitogen is an agent that drives mitosis.)

Question 6

Location of the gene in chromosome

Answer 6

Locus/loci

Question 7

Carries the genetic information

Answer 7

Gene

Question 8

This is the different variations of a gene

Answer 8

Allele

Question 9

This describes 2 identical alleles in a locus

Answer 9

Homozygous (homo = means the same)

Question 10

This describes 2 different alleles in a locus

Answer 10

Heterozygous (hetero = different)

Question 11

How many chromatids are there in a pair of homologous chromosomes?

Answer 11

Chromosomes = two sister chromatids held by the centromere
Homologous = similar chromosome

There are four chromatids in a homologous pair

Question 12

What are the sex chromosomes?

Answer 12

X & Y

Question 13

How many chromosomes are there in a human cell?

Answer 13

23 pairs. So 46 chromatids

Question 14

What are the two main functions of cell division for multicellular organisms?

Answer 14

Growth and development

Tissue renewal

Question 15

What is the cell cycle?

Answer 15

An overview of how cells divide. Composed of:

G1 Phase — S Phase — G2 Phase — Mitotic Phase

Question 16

What happens at each phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 16

Interphase = longest phase of cell cycle; most of the time a cell is in interphase: comprised of 3 phases

• G1 Phase = the cell grows
• S Phase = DNA replicates, chromosomes duplicate, the organelles duplicate
• G2 Phase = enzymes get ready for mitosis

Mitotic Phase = mitosis and cytokinesis
- Mitosis has 5 phases (Prophase, Prometaphase Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)
- Cytokinesis = where the cytoplasm breaks apart

Question 17

At what phase does the cell replicate all its contents? (Including DNA and organelles)

Answer 17

S Phase of Interphase

Question 18

At what phase does the cell divide and form its own nuclear envelope/cytoplasm?

Answer 18

Mitotic Phase = mitosis + cytokinesis

Question 19

What happens at G2 of Interphase?

Answer 19

Chromosomes are duplicated but uncondensed from the chromatin fibres.

Question 20

This is the phase of mitosis where the Mitotic spindle forms and two chromosomes are condensed in the chromatin fibre

Answer 20

Prophase

Question 21

Phase of mitosis where kinetichore microtubules connects to the centromere to hold sister chromatids and pull them to opposite sides of the cell.

 The non-kinetochore microtubules shorten when the kinetochore microtubules lengthen. And likewise.

Answer 21

Prometaphase

Question 22

This phase of mitosis is when the sister chromatids line up at the metaphase/equatorial plate.

Answer 22

Metaphase

Question 23

This phase is when the kinetochore microtubules break the sister chromatids apart. Each pole will get one copy of DNA

Answer 23

Anaphase

Question 24

This phase is when the cell divides. A cleavage furrow forms along with a nucleolus and nuclear envelope.

Answer 24

Telophase