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Biology module 2 > Mitosis and the cell cycle > Flashcards

Mitosis and the cell cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of Chromosome

A

Linear DNA found in the nucleus.

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2
Q

Definition of Chromatid

A

Each strand of the DNA

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3
Q

What are the 4 sections in the cell cycle?

A

Growth/Gap phase 1
Synthesis
Growth/Gap phase 2
Mitosis

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4
Q

What happens in Gap phase 1?

A

Organelles are copied, normal cellular processes occur, Cell is checked (if mistakes, don’t divide)

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5
Q

What happens in Gap phase 2?

A

Chromosomes are checked again (if mistakes, don’t divide) similar to gap phase 1.

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6
Q

What happens in Synthesis?

A

DNA is replicated by DNA polymerase

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7
Q

what happens if a cell is in Gᴼ Phase?

A

Cell stops dividing/leaves the cell cycle

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8
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

Cell division, 1 cell becomes 2 cells

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9
Q

what is mitosis?

A

Nuclear division, 1 nucleus becomes 2

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10
Q

what are the 5 stages of mitosis?

A

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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11
Q

what happens in interphase?

A

This is Growth phase 1,2 and synthesis.

Does normal cellular processes, Copies it’s chromosomes, Chromosomes not visible.

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12
Q

what happens in prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense by coiling, can now be seen with a light microscope, nuclear membrane disappears, spindle fibres form, nucleolus isn’t visible.

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13
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Spindle fibres extend and attach to the centromere of each chromosome. Spindle fibres force the chromosomes to the equator of the cell.

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14
Q

what happens during anaphase?

A

The centromere that holds the sister chromatids together divides.Spindle fibres contract and pull the sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell.

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15
Q

what happens during telophase?

A

the spindle fibres now disappear and a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes. Chromosomes decondense and the cell begins to divide into 2 (cytokinesis). A nucleolus can now be seen again.

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16
Q

what happens to the nuclear envelope in each stage of mitosis?

A 
Interphase present
prophase breaks down
metaphase stays broken down
anaphase stays broken down
telophase reforms
17
Q

what happens to the chromosomes in each stage of mitosis?

A 
Interphase not visible (copied in s phase)
prophase condense, become visible
metaphase line up at the equator
anaphase chromatids are pulled apart
telophase decondense
18
Q

what happens to the centomeres in each stage of mitosis?

A

Interphase Holds chromosomes together
prophase Spindle fibres attach towards the end
metaphase Spindle fibres stay attached to them
anaphase Divides
telophase Holds them together again

19
Q

what happens to the spindle fibres in each stage of mitosis?

A 
Interphase Not present
prophase Form and attach towards the end
metaphase line up the chromosomes 
anaphase Shorten to separate chromatids
telophase Break down
20
Q

what happens to the cell membrane in each stage of mitosis?

A 
Interphase Normal
prophase Normal
metaphase Normal
anaphase Normal
telophase Pinches in/cleaves so cell can divide (cytokinesis)
21
Q

what happens to the number of chromosomes at the start compared to the end in mitosis?

A

it stays the same

mitosis maintains the number of chromosomes

22
Q

5 things that mitosis is important for

A 
Growth - Animals and plants
Repair - to a certain extent
Asexual reproduction - mexican hat plant, onions etc
Regeneration - starfish, planarian worm
Fungi - yeast budding.
23
Q

what is yeast budding?

A

Nuclei copied, a bud forms, cytoplasm swells, bud swells more and breaks off, now 2 yeast.

24
Q

What is checked at the end of G1?

A

Checks DNA isn’t damaged

25
Q

What is checked at the end of G2?

A

Checks all chromosomes have been replicated

26
Q

What is checked at the end of mitosis?

A

Checks sister chromatids attached to spindle fibres

27
Q

What happens if DNA damage is discovered at G2 checkpoint?

A

The cell cycle is halted and the cell tries to repair the DNA

Biology module 2 (19 decks)

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