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mitosis and meiosis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

meiosis

A

generates gametes

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2
Q

gametes

A

sex cells

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3
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

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4
Q

mitosis

A

chromosome duplication portion of cell division

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5
Q

binary fission

A

cell replication in prokaryotes

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6
Q

budding

A

cell replication in unicellular eukaryotes (division by mitosis)

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7
Q

nucleosome

A

a structural unit of a eukaryotic chromosome, consisting of a length of DNA coiled around a core of histones

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8
Q

histones

A

proteins that act as spools around which DNA
winds to create structural units called nucleosomes

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9
Q

chromatin

A

a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cells of humans and other higher organisms; provides organization to genetic material

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10
Q

chromatid

A

one half of a duplicated chromosome. Before replication, one chromosome is composed of one DNA molecule.

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11
Q

chromosome

A

a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism

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12
Q

somatic cell

A

any cell not a sex cell

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13
Q

karyotype

A

an individual’s complete set of chromosomes

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14
Q

diploid

A

chromosomes are in pairs

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15
Q

haploid

A

one chromosome not paired, found in meiosis

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16
Q

diploid

A

pair chromosomes, found in humans and mitosis

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17
Q

polyloid

A

triple chromosome, found in other organisms

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18
Q

stages of cell cycle

A
  1. interphase
  2. mitosis
  3. cytokinesis
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19
Q

stages of mitosis

A
  1. prophase
  2. metaphase
  3. anaphase
  4. telophase
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20
Q

stages of interphase

A
  1. G1
  2. S
  3. G2
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21
Q

G1 phase

A

cell grows

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22
Q

S phase

A

DNA is replicated

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23
Q

G2 phase

A

more cell division replication

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24
Q

when does mitosis occur

A

between G1 and G2

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25
Q

what happens during prophase

A
  • chromosomes condense and become visible
  • spindle fibers emerge from centrosomes
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • nucleolus disappears
26
Q

what happens during prometaphase

A
  • chromosomes continue to condense
  • kinetochores appear at the centromeres
  • spindles attach to the kinetochores
  • centrosomes move towards opposite poles
27
Q

kinetichore

A

proteins on the centrosome where the microtubules attach to

28
Q

what happens during metaphase

A
  • spindle is fully developed
  • chromosomes lined up
  • each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle
29
Q

what happens during anaphase

A
  • cohesion proteins break down
  • sister chromatids are on opposite sides
  • non kinetochore spindles lengthen to elongate the cell
30
Q

what happens during telophase

A
  • chromosomes decondense on opposite sides
  • nuclear envelope surrounds each cluster of chromosomes
  • spindle fibers break down
31
Q

cytokinesis (animal)

A

cleavage furrow separates the cells

32
Q

cytokinesis (plant)

A

a cell plate separates the daughter cells

33
Q

cell cycle checkpoints

A

surveillance mechanisms that monitor the order,
integrity, and fidelity of the major events of the cell cycle

34
Q

purpose of cell cycle checkpoints

A

Prevents proliferation of abnormal or defective cells

35
Q

whats in the G1/S checkpoint

A

-cell size
-DNA damage
- growth factors
- nutrients

36
Q

s phase checkpoint

A
  • DNA damage
37
Q

G2/M checkpoint

A

-cell size
-DNA replication

38
Q

M checkpoint

A

check for chromosome attachment to spindle

39
Q

autosome

A

any chromosome other than a sex chromosome

40
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

chromosome that have the same genes in the same position and have the same size and shape; aka homologs

41
Q

sister chromatids

A

two identical chromatid copies in a replicated chromosome

42
Q

3 phases of meiosis

A
  • interphase
    -meiosis 1
  • meiosis 2
43
Q

meiosis interphase

A

chromosomes replicate

44
Q

meiosis 1

A
  • crossover occurs
  • chromosomes are separated in 2 cells
45
Q

meiosis 2

A

sister chromatids separate to make 4 daughter cells

46
Q

cohesin

A

hold 2 sister chromatids together

47
Q

what happens in meiosis G1 phase

A

cell growth

48
Q

S phase of meiosis

A

DNA replication

49
Q

synapsis

A

pairing of two homologous chromosomes

50
Q

synaptonemal complex

A

lattice of proteins that connects paired homologous chromosomes

51
Q

tetrad

A

Bivalent; a group of two homologous chromosomes

52
Q

chiasma(ta)

A

point of contact between two non-sister chromatids belonging to homologous chromosomes; become visible after crossing over

53
Q

what happens dearly early prophase 1 of meiosis

A
  1. homologous chromosomes condense
  2. synapsis begins
  3. tetrads form
  4. crossover
54
Q

what happens during prometaphase 1 of meiosis

A
  • homologous chromosomes are connected to the spindles at the fused kinetochore that is shared by the sister chromatids
  • nuclear envelope disappears
55
Q

what happens in metaphase 1 of meiosis

A

-random assortment in the middle
-crossovers with non-sister chromatids

56
Q

anaphase 1 meiosis

A

chromosomes are pulled to the ends of the cell. sister chromatids are still attached at the centromere

57
Q

Telophase 1 and cytokinesis of meiosis

A

sister chromatids arrive at the poles. nuclear envelope forms around each nucleus. cleavage furrow divides the cytoplasm

58
Q

what do we have at the end of meiosis 1

A

two daughter cells genetically distinct from the parent cell

59
Q

turner syndrome

A

45, XO; short stature, delayed puberty, infertility, heart defects, and certain learning
disabilities

60
Q

klinefelter syndrome

A

47, XXY; low testosterone and reduced muscle mass, facial hair, and body hair,
infertility

61
Q

trisomy 21

A

7,XY,+21 or 47,XY,+21; Down Syndrome

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