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gen bio 1 exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what do hydrophilic heads on the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane allow

A

allows cells to be in contact with aqueous
solutions → Enables biological processes and biochemical reactions to occur

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2
Q

ribosome’s main function

A

protein synthesis

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3
Q

ribosome structure

A

dot-like, mRNA wedged between its 2 subunits

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4
Q

cell wall (prokaryotes)

A

composed of peptidoglycan, wraps around the cell membrane
- extra layer of protection, helps maintain
cell’s shape and prevents dehydration

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5
Q

capsule

A

outside of cell wall, composed of polysaccharides; enables cell to attach to surfaces

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6
Q

flagella

A

whiplike structure; used for locomotion

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7
Q

pili

A

tubelike structures outside the capsule; for exchanging genetic material during conjugation

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8
Q

fimbriae

A

thread like structures outside the capsule used to attach to a host cell or a surface

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9
Q

what is the purpose of bacterial conjugation via pili

A

to gain antibiotic resistance

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10
Q

what is the process of bacterial conjugation

A
  1. pilus of donor cell attaches to recipient cell
  2. F plasmid DNA material transfers
  3. donor regenerates its own plasmid
  4. both cells are F+
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11
Q

nucleus

A

houses the cell’s DNA and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

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12
Q

nuclear envelope

A

a barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm (inner and outer layers are composed of phospholipid bilayers)

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13
Q

function of nuclear envelope

A

Contains a variety of proteins that function in the organization of genetic material and the synthesis of proteins

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14
Q

nucleoplasm

A

semi-solid fluid inside the nucleus

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15
Q

nucleolus

A

darkly staining region within nucleus;
produces and assemble the cell’s ribosomes.

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16
Q

nuclear pore

A

holes on the nuclear envelope that allow for passage of materials in and out of nucleus

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17
Q

chromosomes

A

long DNA molecule comprising part or all of the genetic material of an organism; Has a 3d structure that is achieved by packaging proteins

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18
Q

chromatin

A

unwound versions of chromosomes

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19
Q

peroxisome

A

metabolizes waste (looks like circles)

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20
Q

vacuole

A

membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport

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21
Q

mitochondria

A

site of ATP production

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22
Q

lysosome

A

organelle that contains digestive enzymes; come from the Golgi apparatus

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23
Q

ER

A

interconnected membranous sacs and tubules that collectively modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids

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24
Q

rough ER

A

protein modification (e.g. folding and addition of modifications like phosphate group); has ribosomes on outer membrane

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25
Q

smooth ER

A

lipid and carbohydrate synthesis

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26
Q

lumen

A

hollow portion of the ER

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27
Q

Proteins that are synthesized in the rough ER are transported where

A

golgi apparatus

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28
Q

golgi apparatus

A

Sorts, tags, packages and distributes
proteins and lipids

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29
Q

golgi apparatus appearance

A

flattened membranous sacs

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30
Q

where are the cis and trans side of the golgi apparatus

A

Cis: side facing ER and nucleus
Trans: side facing plasma membrane

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31
Q

vesicle purpose

A

transport of materials to other parts of the cell or out of the cell

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32
Q

vesicle structure

A

structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer
* May contain proteins, lipids, ions and other organic
molecules

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33
Q

lysosome function

A

Break down excess or damaged cell parts
into their molecular subunits for reuse by
cell
* Destroy invading pathogens (e.g.) viruses
and bacteria.
* If cell is damaged beyond repair, lysosomes can help it to self-destruct (e.g programmed cell death, or apoptosis)

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34
Q

lysosome apperance

A

dark, almost spherical structures under the electron microscope

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35
Q

peroxisome function

A

Contains antioxidants to prevent oxidative
damage in cells
* Peroxisomes of animal cells contain catalase

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36
Q

catalase

A

an enzyme which converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
- antioxidant

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37
Q

mitochondria function

A

Functions in cellular respiration: process of generating ATP using the chemical energy in glucose and other nutrients

38
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate; molecule that fuels many chemical reactions and biological processes

39
Q

mitochondria structure

A

outer membrane, inner membrane, cristae (sacs), matrix (solution), ribosomes, DNA

40
Q

what do plant cells have that animal cells dont

A

cell wall
chloroplasts
plasmodesmata

41
Q

what do animal cells have that plant cells dont

A

lysosomes
centrosomes
tight junction
gap junctions
desmosomes

42
Q

plant and animal cells have how many vacuoles

A

plant- 1; animal- multiple

43
Q

vacuole purpose in plant cell

A

Vacuoles store water and help plant cells retain their shape and maintain ionic balance.

44
Q

cell wall (plant cell)

A

rigid external layer of cellulose covering a plant cell

45
Q

cell wall function

A

provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell; helps resist bursting when too much water comes into the cell

46
Q

chloroplast

A

organelle found in plants and algae
where photosynthesis occurs

47
Q

photosynthesis

A

series of chemical reactions that use carbon dioxide, water, and energy from light to generate glucose and oxygen

48
Q

chlorophyll

A

green pigmented in chloroplast and captures the light energy that drives the chemical reactions of photosynthesis

49
Q

centrosome

A

a substructure near the nucleus of a cell which functions in cell division; contains a pair of centrioles

50
Q

centrioles

A

structures that lie perpendicular to each other from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division; has microtubules

51
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm

52
Q

cytoskeleton functions

A

maintain cell’s shape
* secure some organelles in specific positions
* allow cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell
* enable cells within multicellular organisms to move

53
Q

types of cytoskeleton

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microtubules
54
Q

microfilaments

A

composed of two strands of actin filaments; thinnest; functions in movement of cytosol and vesicles, cell division, etc

55
Q

intermediate filaments

A

composed of several strands of
fibrous proteins that are wound together; provides structural support (e.g. securing nucleus and other organelles in place)
Example: keratin

56
Q

microtubules

A

small hollow tubes composed of α-tubulin
and β-tubulin; thickest of the three types of cytoskeleton
* helps cells resist compression; pulls replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell

57
Q

extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

network consisting of extracellular macromolecules (e.g. proteins and carbohydrates) and minerals

58
Q

extracellular matrix (ECM) purpose

A

provide structural support to the cells and neighboring cells
* Allows for communication with other cells e.g. collagen, glycoproteins, hydroxyapatite (bone)

59
Q

animal cells communicate with neighboring cells via…

A

tight junctions, gap junctions, desmosomes

60
Q

plant cells communicate with neighboring cells via…

A

plasmodesmata

61
Q

tight junctions

A

watertight seal between two adjacent animal cells

62
Q

desmosomes

A

adhesive intercellular junctions that allow two cells to be joined to each other (spot welds); allows tissues to experience stretching without tearing

63
Q

gap junctions

A

channels between adjacent cells that allow for transporting ions, nutrients, and other substances that enable animal cells to communicate

64
Q

plasmodesmata

A

channels between adjacent cells that allow for transporting ions, nutrients, and other substances that enable plant cells to communicate

65
Q

organisms that are eukaryotes

A

plants, protists, fungi, animals

66
Q

organisms that are prokaryotes

A

bacteria and archaea

67
Q

3 ways materials transported across the cell membrane

A
  1. Passive transport
    Subtypes: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated transport
  2. Active transport
  3. Bulk transport
    Subtypes: endocytosis, exocytosis
68
Q

passive transport

A

Does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes
* Net movement of a material (solute) from an area of higher to lower concentration

69
Q

diffusion

A

type of passive transport characterized by net movement of materials from an area of higher to lower concentration
- Usually involves unrestricted
movement of solute

70
Q

by which process do lipids, gasses, and ethanol cross the cell membrane

A

diffusion

71
Q

what molecules do not move through the cell membrane easily

A

large polar or highly charged molecules

72
Q

how do large polar or highly charged molecules leave the cell membrane?

A

by facilitated transport

73
Q

facilitated transport

A

movement material across the cell membrane with the help of protein channels or transporters;

74
Q

facilitated transport

A

materials diffuse across the plasma membrane with the help of membrane proteins, still moving down the concentration gradient

75
Q

transporters

A

proteins on the cell membrane that undergo a change in shape to allow a large material to pass through it

76
Q

ion channels

A

proteins that span the full depth of cell membrane; create pores to allow a ions to pass though cell membrane; can close or open to control the entry of ions in or out of the cell

77
Q

Water can move across the cell membrane via…

A

aquaporins

78
Q

how do aquaporins work

A

transporter proteins that move water by diffusion

79
Q

osmosis

A

net movement of water or a solvent through a semipermeable membrane

80
Q

semi-permeable membrane

A

surface that blocks the passage of a type of material but not the other; a surface the blocks the movement of a solute but allows unrestricted movement of water

81
Q

why does osmosis occur

A

differences in the concentration of solutes in and out of the cell

82
Q

osmolarity

A

measure of a solution’s total solute
concentration

83
Q

tonicity

A

capability of a solution to modify the volume of cells by altering their water content

84
Q

active transport

A

movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower to higher concentration; requires ATP

85
Q

bulk transport

A

type of transport that moves very large materials, cells and cellular components across the cell membrane

86
Q

how does endocytosis work

A

Cell membrane folds inwards (invaginates) to surround the material -> pocket pinches of from cell membrane -> vesicle forms -> material enters the cell

87
Q

endocytosis

A

process by which a cell internalizes (takes in) a material from the external environment

88
Q

phagocytosis

A

process by which a cell takes in large particles or other cells by engulfment
* Vesicle/vacuole will fuse with
lysosome to digest contents

89
Q

pinocytosis

A

process by which liquids are ingested by cells

90
Q

exocytosis

A

process by which a cell expels a material to the external environment

91
Q

how does exocytosis work

A

A material bound for secretion or removal from the cell is surrounded by a vesicle -> vesicle fuses with the cell membrane -> material leaves the cell

bio (9 decks)

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