gen bio 1 exam 1

Question 1

areas of study in biology

Answer 1

molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community

Question 2

deductive reasoning

Answer 2

conclusion based on principle/law

Question 3

conclusion based on observation

Answer 3

conclusion based on observation

Question 4

descriptive study

Answer 4

type of study that you observe, explore, and discover

Question 5

hypothesis testing

Answer 5

starts with a specific question or problem and a potential answer or solution that one can test

Question 6

bohr model

Answer 6

electrons inhabit specific shells or energy levels around the nucleus

Question 7

covalent bond

Answer 7

Covalent bond- involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms; stronger than ionic bonds
Stronger than ionic bonds

Question 8

molecule

Answer 8

chemical structure consisting of at least 2 atoms held together by one or more chemical bond

Question 9

compund

Answer 9

substance composed of molecules consisting of atoms of at least two different elements
Can be formed by covalent bonds

Question 10

dipole

Answer 10

(polar molecule) molecule or covalent bond that has a separation of charges

Question 11

metabolic panel

Answer 11

type of lab test that analyzes composition of blood plasma to asses metabolism and chemical balance

Question 12

hydrogen bond

Answer 12

weak bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms and slightly negatively charged atoms in other molecules

Question 13

hydrocarbons

Answer 13

Structure can be linear, branched, or ringed; if linear: the more carbons, the longer the hydrocarbon

Question 14

alkanes

Answer 14

Class of hydrocarbons with carbons and hydrogens linked by single covalent bonds
-ane

Question 15

alkenes

Answer 15

Class of hydrocarbons with carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by at least one double bond

Question 16

aliphatic hydrocarbon

Answer 16

linear chains (single to triple bonds) or rings with single bonds

Question 17

aromatic hydrocarbon

Answer 17

one or more rings with alternating single and double bonds

Question 18

substituted hydrocarbon

Answer 18

molecules with other elements in their carbon backbone
- many molecules in living organisms are composed of substituted hydrocarbons

Question 19

functional group

Answer 19

groups of atoms that occur within molecules and confer specific chemical properties to those molecules

Question 20

carbohydrate

Answer 20

biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen and to oxygen is 1:2:1

Question 21

purpose of carbs

Answer 21

Immune response
Protection (exoskeleton)
Diabetes
Cancer

Question 22

types of carbs

Answer 22

Monosaccharide: simple sugar
Disaccharide: to monosaccharides that are covalently bonded
Polysaccharide: complex sugar or starch; large molecule composed of monosaccharides that are covalently bonded

Question 23

anomeric carbon

Answer 23

carbon 1 that becomes asymmetric in the ring formation process

Question 24

polysacchardies

Answer 24

Consist of a long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds
Ex. starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin

Question 25

disaccharides

Answer 25

form when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction
Removal of OH and O -> formation of water
End result: glycosidic bond between two monosaccharides

Question 26

monosaccharides

Answer 26

simple sugars
ex. Glucose, Galactose, Fructose

Question 27

glycogen

Answer 27

Is the storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrates

Question 28

cellulose

Answer 28

Linear polysaccharide composed of glucose units linked by beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds

Question 29

lipids

Answer 29

Formed from fatty acid chains and long chain alcohols via esterification (formation of ester bonds)

Question 30

purpose of lipids

Answer 30

Insulin and heat production
Transport of materials in and out of cells
Metabolic syndrome
Energy storage for long-term use (fats)

Question 31

examples of lipids

Answer 31

Fats and oils
Phospholipids
Steroids

Question 32

phospholipids

Answer 32

are ampiphatic
Has hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
- polar phosphate head (hydrophilic)
- non-polar fatty acid trails (hydrophobic)
Phospholipids are components of cell membranes; determines properties of cell membrane

Question 33

steroids

Answer 33

Organic molecule with 4 fused hydrocarbon ring structures
Some with hydroxyl group
Hydrophobic

Question 34

functions of steroids

Answer 34

hormones: testosterone, estrogen
- stress response: cortisol
- structure, signaling and disease: cholesterol

Question 35

proteins

Answer 35

Macromolecules composed of one or more chains of amino acid subunits (residues)
Amino acid: building blocks of protein

Question 36

nucleotides

Answer 36

Building blocks of genetic information
Composed of:
- nitrogeneous base
- Pentose (5 carbon) sugar
- phosphate group

Question 37

nucleic acids

Answer 37

Nucleotides linked together by phosphodiester bonds to form nucleic acids
Nucleic acids comprise genetic material
Two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA