gen bio 1 exam 1 Flashcards
areas of study in biology
molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community
deductive reasoning
conclusion based on principle/law
conclusion based on observation
conclusion based on observation
descriptive study
type of study that you observe, explore, and discover
hypothesis testing
starts with a specific question or problem and a potential answer or solution that one can test
bohr model
electrons inhabit specific shells or energy levels around the nucleus
covalent bond
Covalent bond- involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms; stronger than ionic bonds
Stronger than ionic bonds
molecule
chemical structure consisting of at least 2 atoms held together by one or more chemical bond
compund
substance composed of molecules consisting of atoms of at least two different elements
Can be formed by covalent bonds
dipole
(polar molecule) molecule or covalent bond that has a separation of charges
metabolic panel
type of lab test that analyzes composition of blood plasma to asses metabolism and chemical balance
hydrogen bond
weak bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms and slightly negatively charged atoms in other molecules
hydrocarbons
Structure can be linear, branched, or ringed; if linear: the more carbons, the longer the hydrocarbon
alkanes
Class of hydrocarbons with carbons and hydrogens linked by single covalent bonds
-ane
alkenes
Class of hydrocarbons with carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by at least one double bond
aliphatic hydrocarbon
linear chains (single to triple bonds) or rings with single bonds
aromatic hydrocarbon
one or more rings with alternating single and double bonds
substituted hydrocarbon
molecules with other elements in their carbon backbone
- many molecules in living organisms are composed of substituted hydrocarbons
functional group
groups of atoms that occur within molecules and confer specific chemical properties to those molecules
carbohydrate
biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen and to oxygen is 1:2:1
purpose of carbs
Immune response
Protection (exoskeleton)
Diabetes
Cancer
types of carbs
Monosaccharide: simple sugar
Disaccharide: to monosaccharides that are covalently bonded
Polysaccharide: complex sugar or starch; large molecule composed of monosaccharides that are covalently bonded
anomeric carbon
carbon 1 that becomes asymmetric in the ring formation process
polysacchardies
Consist of a long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds
Ex. starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin
disaccharides
form when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction
Removal of OH and O -> formation of water
End result: glycosidic bond between two monosaccharides
monosaccharides
simple sugars
ex. Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
glycogen
Is the storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrates
cellulose
Linear polysaccharide composed of glucose units linked by beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds
lipids
Formed from fatty acid chains and long chain alcohols via esterification (formation of ester bonds)
purpose of lipids
Insulin and heat production
Transport of materials in and out of cells
Metabolic syndrome
Energy storage for long-term use (fats)
examples of lipids
Fats and oils
Phospholipids
Steroids
phospholipids
are ampiphatic
Has hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
- polar phosphate head (hydrophilic)
- non-polar fatty acid trails (hydrophobic)
Phospholipids are components of cell membranes; determines properties of cell membrane
steroids
Organic molecule with 4 fused hydrocarbon ring structures
Some with hydroxyl group
Hydrophobic
functions of steroids
hormones: testosterone, estrogen
- stress response: cortisol
- structure, signaling and disease: cholesterol
proteins
Macromolecules composed of one or more chains of amino acid subunits (residues)
Amino acid: building blocks of protein
nucleotides
Building blocks of genetic information
Composed of:
- nitrogeneous base
- Pentose (5 carbon) sugar
- phosphate group
nucleic acids
Nucleotides linked together by phosphodiester bonds to form nucleic acids
Nucleic acids comprise genetic material
Two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA