Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards
A diploid organism with 12 chromosomes in its gametes will have ___ chromosomes in its somatic cells.
24
If a triploid human could survive, each of its somatic cells would have ___ chromosomes.
69
What are the three sub-phases of interphase?
G1, S, and G2
Cell grows during all three sub-phases of interphases, but chromosomes are duplicated only during what phase?
S phase
What happens in checkpoints in the cell cycle control system?
Cell cycle pauses until go-ahead signal received
What are the three checkpoints?
G1, G2, and M checkpoints
What does MPF stand for?
Maturation promoting factor
What are Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDK)?
Regulatory proteins involved in cell cycle control
What are Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDK)?
Regulatory proteins involved in cell cycle control
When does the CDK activity fluctuates?
During the cell cycle based on concentrations of its partner, cyclin
What is the function of MPF?
It triggers a cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into M phase
Why is G1 checkpoint very important for cells?
When cells receive “go-ahead” at g1, it usually completes G2, and M phases and divides.
When cell does not receive go-ahead, where does it enter?
It enters non-dividing state called G0 phase
What happens when all chromosomes are not properly attached to spindle microtubules at kinetochores?
Cells won’t enter anaphase
What is the purpose of M checkpoint?
Signals delays anaphase until all chromosomes are attached – ensures daughter cells receive correct number of chromosomes
What happens when things go wrong in the cell cycle clock?
Cancer
What happens when cancer cells are not eliminated by the immune system?
They form tumors
What is the difference between benign tumor and malignant tumor?
Benign tumors if abnormal cells remain only at the original site and malignant tumors invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize.
What does metastasize mean?
(of a cancer) spread to other parts of the body by metastasis.
What is the function of meosis?
Reduces number of chromosome sets
What accounts for variation and resemblance in families?
Heredity
What is the units of heredity?
Genes
How are genes passed to the next generation?
Via gametes
What is the difference between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction is when a single individual passes genes to offspring without gamete fusion, and sexual reproduction is when two parents give rise to offspring having unique combination of genes inherited from both.
