Mitosis Flashcards
why do we need to replicate our cells?
o Growth
o Repair
o Reproduction (for unicellular organisms; mitosis is reproduction)
cells spend how long in mitosis
only about 10% of their life
G1
o Cellular growth
o Normal life (making proteins cellular respiration, etc)
o DNA is in the form of chromatin
o Cells spend 90% of their time her
S phase
o DNA synthesis
o Replicate the cell’s entire genome
o Cell will now have two copies of genetic info
o Only enter phase is they are going to reproduce
G2
o Prepare for mitosis
o Cell may spend a short time or a long time in GW
o Nothing really happens that can be seen under the microscope
M
o Mitosis
o Organize the replicated genome so that each daughter cell gets an identical genome to what the parent had in G2
Cancer
occurs when mitosis happens too often
G1 checkpoint
Determines if conditions are favorable for cell division and if the DNA is damaged
G2 checkpoint
checks for DNA damage
Metaphase checkpoint
determines if all chromosomes are attached to the spindle apparatus
contact inhibition
o Cells are prevented from replicating if they are in contact with other cells on all sides
o To become a tumor, a cell has to lose its contact inhibition
telomeres
o Limit the number of times in the life of a cell that it can undergo mitosis
How do we keep DNA organized?
- During interphase (G1, S, G2) the DNA is unwound (Chromatin) it winds up for mitosis
- DNA is wound around proteins and condensed into chromosomes
Chromosomes
- Humans have 46 chromosomes
- 23 pairs
- appear as a single strand
- when they have replicated, they have 2 strands joined at the center by a centromere
- in this state, each strand= chromatid
- one chromatid=1 chromosome
- two chromatids combined: 1 chromosome
chromatin
unwound DNA