Mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

why do we need to replicate our cells?

A

o Growth
o Repair
o Reproduction (for unicellular organisms; mitosis is reproduction)

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2
Q

cells spend how long in mitosis

A

only about 10% of their life

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3
Q

G1

A

o Cellular growth
o Normal life (making proteins cellular respiration, etc)
o DNA is in the form of chromatin
o Cells spend 90% of their time her

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4
Q

S phase

A

o DNA synthesis
o Replicate the cell’s entire genome
o Cell will now have two copies of genetic info
o Only enter phase is they are going to reproduce

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5
Q

G2

A

o Prepare for mitosis
o Cell may spend a short time or a long time in GW
o Nothing really happens that can be seen under the microscope

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6
Q

M

A

o Mitosis

o Organize the replicated genome so that each daughter cell gets an identical genome to what the parent had in G2

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7
Q

Cancer

A

occurs when mitosis happens too often

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8
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

 Determines if conditions are favorable for cell division and if the DNA is damaged

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9
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

checks for DNA damage

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10
Q

Metaphase checkpoint

A

determines if all chromosomes are attached to the spindle apparatus

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11
Q

contact inhibition

A

o Cells are prevented from replicating if they are in contact with other cells on all sides
o To become a tumor, a cell has to lose its contact inhibition

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12
Q

telomeres

A

o Limit the number of times in the life of a cell that it can undergo mitosis

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13
Q

How do we keep DNA organized?

A
  • During interphase (G1, S, G2) the DNA is unwound (Chromatin) it winds up for mitosis
  • DNA is wound around proteins and condensed into chromosomes
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14
Q

Chromosomes

A
  • Humans have 46 chromosomes
  • 23 pairs
  • appear as a single strand
  • when they have replicated, they have 2 strands joined at the center by a centromere
  • in this state, each strand= chromatid
  • one chromatid=1 chromosome
  • two chromatids combined: 1 chromosome
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15
Q

chromatin

A

unwound DNA

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16
Q

chromosome

A

a unit of condensed DNA that replicates as one

17
Q

chromatid

A

one of two “sisters”, a replicated chromosome

18
Q

homologous pair

A

contain the same basic info, with slight differences

19
Q

mitosis overview

A
  • DNA is replicated in S phase
  • DNA is organized into chromosomes and carefully arranged within the cell so that one copy of each homologous pair ends up at the far ends of the cell
  • The cell can then split at the middle and each new cell will end up with a full genome
20
Q

centrosome

A

a pole of spindle apparatus, contains centrioles

21
Q

centriole

A

the anchors of the mitotic spindle determine direction of microtubules

22
Q

kinetochore

A

proteins that attach sister chromatids to spindle

23
Q

Prophase

A
  • DNA condenses into chromosomes
  • Nuclear envelope begins to disappear
  • Spindle is beginning to form
  • Nucleus is still intact
24
Q

prometaphase

A
  • Nuclear membrane has completely disappeared
  • Spindle is fully formed
  • Chromosomes attach to spindles
25
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes move to the middle of the cell (metaphase plate)

26
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate and move to the poles

27
Q

telophase

A
  • A whole cell’s worth of DNA in each of the poles
  • DNA begins to de-condense
  • Nuclear envelope begins to re-form
28
Q

cytokinesis

A

plasma membrane begins to pull in

two identical daughter cells

29
Q

cells that don’t undergo mitosis

A
o	Neurons (when you lose a neuron you can’t replace it)
o	All skeletal muscle cells (have thousands of nuclei; can’t decide which one to use)
o	Red blood cells (don’t have a nucleus)
30
Q

how do viruses reproduce

A

o Do have a genome

o Manipulate the host cell that they live in to do their replication for them

31
Q

steps for viral reproduction

A
  • A virus cannot reproduce itself=no mitosis
  • Viruses are composed of a genetic code (DNA or RNA) enveloped in an outer coat
  • It must insert its genetic info into that of its host cell, and trigger the host cell to reproduce
  • Needs a host cell to reproduce
  • Many viruses trigger “out-of-control” mitosis
  • The virus must be able to short-circuit the normal controls of mitosis
32
Q

telomeres

A

sections of DNA on the end of the chromosomes that gets shorter each time the chromosome replicates

no more telomeres=no more replication

premature telomere shortening has been associated with disease and death

premature aging