Lecture 4: Cells

Question 1

cell

Answer 1

o Smallest Functional unit of human life that can function independently

o can live and function outside the body

o	contains the genetic information for the entire organism
o	composed of molecules
o	can make new macromolecules
o	MOST can reproduce itself
o	has some organization to its contents

Question 2

how big are cells

Answer 2

too small for the eyes to see

Question 3

do all cells contain DNA

Answer 3

yes and they can utilize energy and make new macromolecules

Question 4

nucleus

Answer 4

a membrane sack to hold DNA

Question 5

eukaryotic vs prokaryotic

Answer 5

eu cells have a nucleus while pro cells do not

Question 6

do all cells have a membrane

Answer 6

yes

Question 7

almost all cells live in a

Answer 7

watery environment; all cells prefer it

Question 8

phospholipid bilayer

Answer 8

barrier for all cells

Question 9

plasma membrane

Answer 9

o Site of communication with external environment
o Separates the cell’s internal environment from external
o Plasma membrane is selectively permeable
o Controls entrance and exit from the cell
o Layer of non-polar lipids between two aqueous environments
o Surrounds all cells (cytoplasm)
o Functional unit of the plasma membrane is a single phospholipid molecule
can take on various shapes

Question 10

membrane is amphipathic

Answer 10

has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

polar glycerol head and two non polar long fatty acid tails

Question 11

in a watery environment phospholipids

Answer 11

arrange themselves tails together and heads facing out aka a phospholipid bilayer

Question 12

cytosol

Answer 12

watery environment inside cell

Question 13

membranes for internal organization

Answer 13

only eu cells

Question 14

cell walls

Answer 14

provide shape and prevent over filling

Question 15

who has cell walls

Answer 15

pro cells eu plant cells and fungal cells

Question 16

bacterial cell walls

Answer 16

made up of peptidoglycan

gram pos: thicker cell wall

gram neg: sandwitched btw two membranes

Question 17

plant cell walls

Answer 17

cellulose

Question 18

capsule/glycoalyx

Answer 18

jelly like coating of sugars and proteins

be used for protection or recognition/networking with other cells

Question 19

glycocalyces

Answer 19

aid in protection from the environment as well as identifying certain cells

Question 20

pilu

Answer 20

allow bacterial cells to hold on to surfaces or other bacteria

Question 21

flagella

Answer 21

long extensions that have a cytoskeleton that are capable of producing movement

allows for swimming in an environment

common in bacteria but can be in eu cells

Question 22

cellular reproduction

Answer 22

all cells are capable of reproducing themselves

Question 23

mitosis

Answer 23

cell copies genetic material and then splits in two, dividing cellular contents

each daughter cell should be an approx copy of the parent cell

Question 24

making macromolecules

Answer 24

all cells are capable of making macromolecules

Question 25

where are proteins made

Answer 25

in ribosomes

Question 26

prokaryotic cells

Answer 26

unicellular smaller than eu cells no membrane bound organelles and no compartmentalization DNA gathered in center of cell

Question 27

differences btw bacterial cells and eu cells

Answer 27

eu (animal) cells lack cell walls, so antibiotics that attack cell walls are safe for eukaryotic cells ribosomes are molecularly different eukaryotic cells can utilize sugars for energy much more efficiently than prokaryotic cells

Question 28

eu cells

Answer 28

animal and plant cells true nucleus many organelles

Question 29

differentiation

Answer 29

moment when a stem cell or zygote develops into different types of cells that do various tasks distinction in size, shape, function, products they make, organelles, capabilities

Question 30

nucleus

Answer 30

stores the genetic info as threads of chromatin surrounded by its own membrane

Question 31

during cell division chromatin condenses into

Answer 31

chromosomes

Question 32

nucleolus

Answer 32

a dark structure in the center of the nucleus that contributes to ribosome production

Question 33

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 33

system of membranous sacks lipids and proteins made here materials made leave in vesicles

Question 34

vesicles

Answer 34

membrane bound sacs

Question 35

Rough ER

Answer 35

protein production (studded with ribosomes) ribosomes make the proteins--> proteins are then put into the Rough ER

Question 36

Smooth ER

Answer 36

synthesis of lipids carbohydrate synthesis (glycogen) metabolism of carbohydrates detox of drugs and alc storage of calcium ions in some cells

Question 37

golgi apparatus

Answer 37

processes molecules for secretion modifies molecules then send them in vesicles to the plasma membrane molecule is released by exocytosis

Question 38

lysosomes

Answer 38

garbage disposals of the cell surrounded by membrane acidic interior digests unwanted material taken in from outside ie bacteria , old cell parts

Question 39

autophagy

Answer 39

cells use lysosomes to breakdown macromolecules into monomers for reuse

Question 40

peroxisomes

Answer 40

contain enzymes that remove H and add to O2 producing H2O2 aka hydrogen peroxide then convert H2O2 to H2O used to digest some fatty acids, amino acids

Question 41

vacuoles

Answer 41

big vesicles storage (plants)

Question 42

contractile vacuoles

Answer 42

contain water or air, expelled for propulsion-common in unicellular organisms

Question 43

mitochondria

Answer 43

evolved from endosymbiosis can reproduce itself convert energy in consumed molecules into energy in the form of ATP provide most of ATP for entire cell

Question 44

cytoskeleton

Answer 44

network of fibers running throughout the cell organelles attach to and move by the cytoskeleton whole cell movement is accomplished by cytoskeleton how cell shape is maintained

Question 45

filaments

Answer 45

fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables maintains cell shape anchors nucleus and other organelles