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Bio 105 > Lecture 4: Cells > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell

A

o Smallest Functional unit of human life that can function independently

o can live and function outside the body

o	contains the genetic information for the entire organism
o	composed of molecules
o	can make new macromolecules
o	MOST can reproduce itself
o	has some organization to its contents
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2
Q

how big are cells

A

too small for the eyes to see

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3
Q

do all cells contain DNA

A

yes and they can utilize energy and make new macromolecules

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4
Q

nucleus

A

a membrane sack to hold DNA

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5
Q

eukaryotic vs prokaryotic

A

eu cells have a nucleus while pro cells do not

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6
Q

do all cells have a membrane

A

yes

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7
Q

almost all cells live in a

A

watery environment; all cells prefer it

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8
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

barrier for all cells

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9
Q

plasma membrane

A

o Site of communication with external environment
o Separates the cell’s internal environment from external
o Plasma membrane is selectively permeable
o Controls entrance and exit from the cell
o Layer of non-polar lipids between two aqueous environments
o Surrounds all cells (cytoplasm)
o Functional unit of the plasma membrane is a single phospholipid molecule
can take on various shapes

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10
Q

membrane is amphipathic

A

has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

polar glycerol head and two non polar long fatty acid tails

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11
Q

in a watery environment phospholipids

A

arrange themselves tails together and heads facing out aka a phospholipid bilayer

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12
Q

cytosol

A

watery environment inside cell

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13
Q

membranes for internal organization

A

only eu cells

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14
Q

cell walls

A

provide shape and prevent over filling

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15
Q

who has cell walls

A

pro cells eu plant cells and fungal cells

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16
Q

bacterial cell walls

A

made up of peptidoglycan

gram pos: thicker cell wall

gram neg: sandwitched btw two membranes

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17
Q

plant cell walls

A

cellulose

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18
Q

capsule/glycoalyx

A

jelly like coating of sugars and proteins

be used for protection or recognition/networking with other cells

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19
Q

glycocalyces

A

aid in protection from the environment as well as identifying certain cells

20
Q

pilu

A

allow bacterial cells to hold on to surfaces or other bacteria

21
Q

flagella

A

long extensions that have a cytoskeleton that are capable of producing movement

allows for swimming in an environment

common in bacteria but can be in eu cells

22
Q

cellular reproduction

A

all cells are capable of reproducing themselves

23
Q

mitosis

A

cell copies genetic material and then splits in two, dividing cellular contents

each daughter cell should be an approx copy of the parent cell

24
Q

making macromolecules

A

all cells are capable of making macromolecules

25
Q

where are proteins made

A

in ribosomes

26
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

unicellular

smaller than eu cells

no membrane bound organelles and no compartmentalization

DNA gathered in center of cell

27
Q

differences btw bacterial cells and eu cells

A

eu (animal) cells lack cell walls, so antibiotics that attack cell walls are safe for eukaryotic cells

ribosomes are molecularly different

eukaryotic cells can utilize sugars for energy much more efficiently than prokaryotic cells

28
Q

eu cells

A

animal and plant cells

true nucleus

many organelles

29
Q

differentiation

A

moment when a stem cell or zygote develops into different types of cells that do various tasks

distinction in size, shape, function, products they make, organelles, capabilities

30
Q

nucleus

A

stores the genetic info as threads of chromatin

surrounded by its own membrane

31
Q

during cell division chromatin condenses into

A

chromosomes

32
Q

nucleolus

A

a dark structure in the center of the nucleus that contributes to ribosome production

33
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

system of membranous sacks

lipids and proteins made here

materials made leave in vesicles

34
Q

vesicles

A

membrane bound sacs

35
Q

Rough ER

A

protein production (studded with ribosomes)

ribosomes make the proteins–> proteins are then put into the Rough ER

36
Q

Smooth ER

A

synthesis of lipids

carbohydrate synthesis (glycogen)

metabolism of carbohydrates

detox of drugs and alc

storage of calcium ions in some cells

37
Q

golgi apparatus

A

processes molecules for secretion

modifies molecules then send them in vesicles to the plasma membrane

molecule is released by exocytosis

38
Q

lysosomes

A

garbage disposals of the cell

surrounded by membrane

acidic interior

digests unwanted material taken in from outside ie bacteria , old cell parts

39
Q

autophagy

A

cells use lysosomes to breakdown macromolecules into monomers for reuse

40
Q

peroxisomes

A

contain enzymes that remove H and add to O2 producing H2O2 aka hydrogen peroxide

then convert H2O2 to H2O

used to digest some fatty acids, amino acids

41
Q

vacuoles

A

big vesicles

storage (plants)

42
Q

contractile vacuoles

A

contain water or air, expelled for propulsion-common in unicellular organisms

43
Q

mitochondria

A

evolved from endosymbiosis

can reproduce itself

convert energy in consumed molecules into energy in the form of ATP

provide most of ATP for entire cell

44
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of fibers running throughout the cell

organelles attach to and move by the cytoskeleton

whole cell movement is accomplished by cytoskeleton

how cell shape is maintained

45
Q

filaments

A

fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables

maintains cell shape

anchors nucleus and other organelles

Bio 105 (19 decks)

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