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Bio 105 > Lecture 3: Biomolecules > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Biomolecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organic molecules

A

molecules containing carbon

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2
Q

Carbon

A

can form 4 covalent bonds

allows creation of large complex molecules

can also form ultra-stable double covalent bonds (CO2)

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3
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

store a great amount of energy

molecules that consist of only carbon and hydrogen

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4
Q

functional groups

A

groups of atoms that give molecules their different properties

ex: estrogen and testosterone

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5
Q

Endergonic

A

reaction that builds bonds and require energy

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6
Q

exergonic

A

reaction that breaks bonds and releases energy

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7
Q

ATP

A

energy molecule used to build bonds

temporarily store energy by building new bonds

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8
Q

large molecules

A

made up of smaller molecules

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9
Q

monomer

A

single unit

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10
Q

polymer

A

a bunch of monomers put together

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11
Q

how do you build a polymer from monomers

A

use a dehydration reaction aka take the water out and build a new bond

aka an ENDERGONIC REACTION

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12
Q

how do you break down a polymer

A

hydrolysis reaction in which water is added to split the molecule in two

aka EXERGONIC

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13
Q

biomolecules

A

organic molecules associated with organisms

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14
Q

carbohydrates

A

most abundant

polar

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15
Q

monomer of carbohydrate

A

monosaccharide

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16
Q

2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond

A

disaccharides aka sucrose

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17
Q

polymer of carbohydrate

A

polysaccharide

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18
Q

what do carbohydrates end in?

A

-ose ie sucrose lactose glucose

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19
Q

carbohydrate polymers

A 
sucrose (glucose and fructose)
lactose (glucose and galactose)
cellulose (fiber)
glycogen
starch
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20
Q

Glucose

A

easiest energy source for bodies

starts cellular respiration

easiest energy source for bodies

brain cannot use anything but glucose to survive

if you don’t eat enough of it, body can convert other biomolecules into glucose

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21
Q

2 forms of glycosidic bonds

A

alpha and beta

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22
Q

how do you breakdown a glycosidic bond

A

enzymes are needed

specific enzymes are for each bond

humans make mostly enzymes for alpha glycosidic bonds

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23
Q

beta bonds

A

not many enzymes for beta bonds and if you eat something with beta bonds, you can’t digest it

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24
Q

cellulose

A

found on outer part of plant cells

give plants rigidity and structure in because they have no backbone

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25
Q

starches

A

large carbohydrate molecules where lots of organisms store excess energy

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26
Q

in humans, what is the form that excess glucose is stored in?

A

glycogen, a type of starch

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27
Q

monomers of carbohydrates

A

glucose and fructose

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28
Q

glycogen

A

stored in the liver and muscles and used when we need energy but aren’t eating

29
Q

what happens when you reach your glycogen set point

A

the rest is stored as fat

30
Q

lipids

A

nonpolar fatty acid

source of energy storage

31
Q

most common form of lipids

A

triglycerides which are 3 fatty acids bound to a glycerol

32
Q

saturated fats

A

every carbon is bound to as many hydrogens as possible “saturated with hydrogens”

can be packed together tightly –>can create a solid structure at room temp

straight

33
Q

unsaturated fats

A

carbon molecules are not bound to as many hydrogens as possible

kinks in the chain can form double bonds

cannot be packed together tightly

cannot create a solid structure at room temp; liquid at room temp

34
Q

fats

A

type of lipid

long term energy storage and insulation

35
Q

sterols

A

cholesterol

can do many things in the body

form the basis for hormones

regulate growth and development

form the basis of a bunch of different molecules

36
Q

phospholipids

A

similar to triglycerides

two tails

phosphate group

form the basis for all biological membranes

polar heads

nonpolar fatty acid tails

37
Q

proteins

A

most versatile of biomolecules

ALL CONTAIN NITROGEN

polar

38
Q

monomer of protein

A

amino acid

39
Q

amino acid

A

20 types

all have a carboxyl group and an amine group

different R or functional group; determines amino acid

tells us a lot on how our protein is shaped

40
Q

polymer of protein

A

polypeptides

41
Q

amino acids are classified as

A

polar (charged
polar(uncharged)
nonpolar

determine protein shape

42
Q

what bonds are formed in amino acids when they are added to polypeptide

A

peptide bonds through dehydration reactions

43
Q

primary structure

A

linear string of amino acids

44
Q

where do building polypeptides take place?

A

in an aqueous environment

45
Q

what happens when a primary structure grows longer

A

it may begin to fold

46
Q

properties of amino acids dictate

A

the bonds among them

47
Q

factors that influence proteins

A

hydrogen bonds btw polar amino acids

ionic bonds between charged amino acids

hydrophobic effect

van der waal forces (weak attractions)

disulfide bridges

48
Q

secondary structure

A

sequences of amino acids form hydrogen bonds, causing protein to fold into a spiral (a helix or b pleated sheet)

49
Q

tertiary structure

A

secondary structure folds into a 3D shape

50
Q

quaternary structure

A

two or more polypeptides may bind to each other to form a functional protein

51
Q

antibodies

A

help fight against cerain bacteria

52
Q

denaturation

A

protein returns to its primary structure

temp and ph affect this

some proteins can renature

53
Q

every protein is specific for its

A

ligand

54
Q

enzymes usually end in

A

-ase

55
Q

many proteins bind other ligands in order to

A

transport or store them within cells or the blood

ie hemoglobin and oxygen

56
Q

one type of protein (enzymes) will always change its ligand (substrate)

A

enzyme lactase breaks down its substrate lactose

57
Q

most of the protein we eat is

A

used to make new proteins for our bodies

58
Q

to use protein for energy we need to

A

remove the nitrogen found in the amine group

nitrogen then becomes urea, the main component of urine

59
Q

monomer of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

60
Q

polymers of nucleic acids

A

nucleic acids DNA and RNA

61
Q

a single nucleotide is made up of

A

phosphate group

5 carbon sugar

3 carbon-nitrogen ring structure called a nitrogenous base

62
Q

difference btw DNA and RNA

A

ribose (w an oxygen) or deoxyribose (w/out an oxygen)

63
Q

5 nitrogenous bases

A 
adenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine
uracil
64
Q

what bonds are btw the bases

A

hydrogen bonds

65
Q

DNA

A

double helix consisting of two lines of phosphate and sugar groups

genetic material of the cell

can produce every protein of our bodies based on the DNA that codes for that protein

located in the nucleus

66
Q

can DNA leave the nucleus

A

no,

will make a single stranded copy of our gene into RNA so it can leave the nucleus and make the protein

every 3 bases on the RNA copy will code for a single amino acid

67
Q

RNA structure

A

single stranded molecule

68
Q

steps to code RNA for a single amino acid

A

1) synthesis of mRNA
2) movement of mRNA into cytoplasm
3) synthesis of protein

Bio 105 (19 decks)

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