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Bio 105 > Lecture 3: Biomolecules > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Organic molecules

A

molecules containing carbon

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2
Q

Carbon

A

can form 4 covalent bonds

allows creation of large complex molecules

can also form ultra-stable double covalent bonds (CO2)

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3
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

store a great amount of energy

molecules that consist of only carbon and hydrogen

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4
Q

functional groups

A

groups of atoms that give molecules their different properties

ex: estrogen and testosterone

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5
Q

Endergonic

A

reaction that builds bonds and require energy

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6
Q

exergonic

A

reaction that breaks bonds and releases energy

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7
Q

ATP

A

energy molecule used to build bonds

temporarily store energy by building new bonds

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8
Q

large molecules

A

made up of smaller molecules

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9
Q

monomer

A

single unit

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10
Q

polymer

A

a bunch of monomers put together

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11
Q

how do you build a polymer from monomers

A

use a dehydration reaction aka take the water out and build a new bond

aka an ENDERGONIC REACTION

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12
Q

how do you break down a polymer

A

hydrolysis reaction in which water is added to split the molecule in two

aka EXERGONIC

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13
Q

biomolecules

A

organic molecules associated with organisms

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14
Q

carbohydrates

A

most abundant

polar

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15
Q

monomer of carbohydrate

A

monosaccharide

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16
Q

2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond

A

disaccharides aka sucrose

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17
Q

polymer of carbohydrate

A

polysaccharide

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18
Q

what do carbohydrates end in?

A

-ose ie sucrose lactose glucose

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19
Q

carbohydrate polymers

A 
sucrose (glucose and fructose)
lactose (glucose and galactose)
cellulose (fiber)
glycogen
starch
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20
Q

Glucose

A

easiest energy source for bodies

starts cellular respiration

easiest energy source for bodies

brain cannot use anything but glucose to survive

if you don’t eat enough of it, body can convert other biomolecules into glucose

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21
Q

2 forms of glycosidic bonds

A

alpha and beta

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22
Q

how do you breakdown a glycosidic bond

A

enzymes are needed

specific enzymes are for each bond

humans make mostly enzymes for alpha glycosidic bonds

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23
Q

beta bonds

A

not many enzymes for beta bonds and if you eat something with beta bonds, you can’t digest it

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24
Q

cellulose

A

found on outer part of plant cells

give plants rigidity and structure in because they have no backbone

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25
starches
large carbohydrate molecules where lots of organisms store excess energy
26
in humans, what is the form that excess glucose is stored in?
glycogen, a type of starch
27
monomers of carbohydrates
glucose and fructose
28
glycogen
stored in the liver and muscles and used when we need energy but aren't eating
29
what happens when you reach your glycogen set point
the rest is stored as fat
30
lipids
nonpolar fatty acid source of energy storage
31
most common form of lipids
triglycerides which are 3 fatty acids bound to a glycerol
32
saturated fats
every carbon is bound to as many hydrogens as possible "saturated with hydrogens" can be packed together tightly -->can create a solid structure at room temp straight
33
unsaturated fats
carbon molecules are not bound to as many hydrogens as possible kinks in the chain can form double bonds cannot be packed together tightly cannot create a solid structure at room temp; liquid at room temp
34
fats
type of lipid long term energy storage and insulation
35
sterols
cholesterol can do many things in the body form the basis for hormones regulate growth and development form the basis of a bunch of different molecules
36
phospholipids
similar to triglycerides two tails phosphate group form the basis for all biological membranes polar heads nonpolar fatty acid tails
37
proteins
most versatile of biomolecules ALL CONTAIN NITROGEN polar
38
monomer of protein
amino acid
39
amino acid
20 types all have a carboxyl group and an amine group different R or functional group; determines amino acid tells us a lot on how our protein is shaped
40
polymer of protein
polypeptides
41
amino acids are classified as
polar (charged polar(uncharged) nonpolar determine protein shape
42
what bonds are formed in amino acids when they are added to polypeptide
peptide bonds through dehydration reactions
43
primary structure
linear string of amino acids
44
where do building polypeptides take place?
in an aqueous environment
45
what happens when a primary structure grows longer
it may begin to fold
46
properties of amino acids dictate
the bonds among them
47
factors that influence proteins
hydrogen bonds btw polar amino acids ionic bonds between charged amino acids hydrophobic effect van der waal forces (weak attractions) disulfide bridges
48
secondary structure
sequences of amino acids form hydrogen bonds, causing protein to fold into a spiral (a helix or b pleated sheet)
49
tertiary structure
secondary structure folds into a 3D shape
50
quaternary structure
two or more polypeptides may bind to each other to form a functional protein
51
antibodies
help fight against cerain bacteria
52
denaturation
protein returns to its primary structure temp and ph affect this some proteins can renature
53
every protein is specific for its
ligand
54
enzymes usually end in
-ase
55
many proteins bind other ligands in order to
transport or store them within cells or the blood ie hemoglobin and oxygen
56
one type of protein (enzymes) will always change its ligand (substrate)
enzyme lactase breaks down its substrate lactose
57
most of the protein we eat is
used to make new proteins for our bodies
58
to use protein for energy we need to
remove the nitrogen found in the amine group nitrogen then becomes urea, the main component of urine
59
monomer of nucleic acids
nucleotides
60
polymers of nucleic acids
nucleic acids DNA and RNA
61
a single nucleotide is made up of
phosphate group 5 carbon sugar 3 carbon-nitrogen ring structure called a nitrogenous base
62
difference btw DNA and RNA
ribose (w an oxygen) or deoxyribose (w/out an oxygen)
63
5 nitrogenous bases
``` adenine guanine cytosine thymine uracil ```
64
what bonds are btw the bases
hydrogen bonds
65
DNA
double helix consisting of two lines of phosphate and sugar groups genetic material of the cell can produce every protein of our bodies based on the DNA that codes for that protein located in the nucleus
66
can DNA leave the nucleus
no, will make a single stranded copy of our gene into RNA so it can leave the nucleus and make the protein every 3 bases on the RNA copy will code for a single amino acid
67
RNA structure
single stranded molecule
68
steps to code RNA for a single amino acid
1) synthesis of mRNA 2) movement of mRNA into cytoplasm 3) synthesis of protein

Bio 105 (19 decks)

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