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Mitosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How does prokaryotix cell division occur

A

binary fission- cell divides into two halves

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2
Q

how long does is take a bacteria cell to divide

A

20 minutes

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3
Q

where does replication of DNA begin in prokaryotes and how does it proceed

A

the origin, procees bi-directionally

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4
Q

how many genomes end up in each prokaryotic daughter cell

A

one genome

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5
Q

the two repleicated origins in prokaryotic cell migrate to ___ of the cell while replication continues

A

the poles (ends)

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6
Q

Once replication in a prokaryotic cell is complete, the _____ _______ grows inward and what happens?

A

plasma membrane; a new cell wall is synthesized

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7
Q

what is catenation?

A

rings of DNA seperated into 2 seperate copies

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8
Q

where does eukaryotic cells store genetic information

A

in chromosomes

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9
Q

eukaryotic chromosome count ranges from what

A

10-50 chromosomes

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10
Q

how many chromosome do humans have?

A

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

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11
Q

Why are the 23 pairs considered “nearly identical”

A

they have the same gene, same order, but dna sequence may be slightly different

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12
Q

the cell cycle is divided into three parts, name them

A

cell growth and activity
nuclear division (mitosis)
divison of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis)

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13
Q

what is the order of the cell cycle?

A

G1 (growth 1), S phase, G2 (growth 2), mitosis, cytokinesis

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14
Q

what is the difference between mitosis and meiosis

A

mitosis is a growth process, meiosis is a process of sexual reproduction

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15
Q

What happens in mitosis?

A

replicated DNA is divided equally and precisely, generating daughter cells

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16
Q

What are daughter cells

A

exact copies of parent cells

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17
Q

What happens in meiosis?

A

daughter nuclei with half the number of chromosomes are produced from the parental nucleus (arrangement of genes is different than the parent cell)

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18
Q

how is DNA seperated in mitosis?

A

mitotic cytoskeleton (microtubules)

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19
Q

heredity information within the nucleus is distributed how

A

among individual linear DNA molecules

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20
Q

what can happen when DNA combine with protein

A

stabilizes DNA molecule and can help pack DNA during cell division and influences the expression of indiviual genes

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21
Q

each chromosome is composed of…

A

one DNA molecule and associated proteins

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22
Q

what is a chromatin?

A

DNA + protein

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23
Q

how are two sister chromatids joined together?

A

by a centromere

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24
Q

what protein packages DNA to fit in nucleus

A

histone proteins

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25
Q

in a ______, an eight-protein _________ _____ particle forms when DNA winds areound histones H2A, H2B, H3, H4

A

nucleosome, nucleosome core

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26
Q

nucleosomes and linkers appear as….

A

beads on a string

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27
Q

the solenoid model predicts what

A

the nucleosomes spiral helically with about 6 nucleosomes per turn

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28
Q

Chromatin packing continues at higher levels with….

A

euchromation and heterochromatin

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29
Q

difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin?

A

euchromatin is loosely packed genes that are highly expressed and heterchromatin are densely packed genes that are less expressed

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30
Q

replicated chromosomes are called

A

sister chromatids

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31
Q

sister chromatids are held together by

A

sister chromatid cohesion

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32
Q

cohesion is a

A

protein complex

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33
Q

what is the equal distribution of chromosomes into each daughter nuclei called

A

chromosome segregation

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34
Q

what is ploidy

A

the number of chromosomes sets in a cell or species

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35
Q

some microorganismz have only one copy of each type of chromosome in nuclei they are…

A

haploid, n

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36
Q

eukaryotes (most) hace two copies of each type of chromosome in nuclei, they are…

A

diploid, 2n

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37
Q

plants can have 3,4, or more complete sets of chromosomes in each cell they are…

A

polyploid

38
Q

homologous chromosomes are

A

two chromosomes of each pair in a diploid cell, they have the same genes in same order in DNA

39
Q

what is a karyotpye

A

individuals particular array of chromosomes

40
Q

human sex cells are

A

haploid

41
Q

human body cells are

A

diploid

42
Q

homologous chromosomes are sister chromatids joined at the

A

centromere

43
Q

what is the protocal for preparing cells for a karyotype?

A
  1. add sample to culture medium that has a stimulator for growth and division of cells, incubate at 37 degrees celsius
  2. stain the cells so chromosomes are distinguished
  3. view stained cells under microscope with digitial imaging system and take a photograph
44
Q

what phase of the cell cycle is the longest and primary growth phase

A

Gap Phase 1 (G1)

45
Q

what phase of the cell cycle replicates DNA

A

Synthesis (S)

46
Q

what phase of the cell cycle do organelles replicate and microtubules organize

A

Gap Phase 2 (G2)

47
Q

What phase is subdivided into 5 phases

A

mitosis (M)

48
Q

what phase seperates the cell into 2 new cells

A

cytokinesis (C)

49
Q

what is different about G1 than other phases

A

it varies in length, other phases are typically uniform in length

50
Q

what phases make up interphase

A

G1, S phase, G2

51
Q

what type of cells often go into G0 phase

A

neurons

52
Q

what is G0 phase

A

a phase after G1, where cells stop dividing, may or may not re-enter cell cycle

53
Q

what are the steps of mitosis

A
  1. prophase
  2. prometaphase
  3. metaphase
  4. anaphase
  5. telophase
54
Q

in s phase chromosomes are

A

copied and held together

55
Q

in G1 phase the cell makes

A

proteins and other molecules for S phase

56
Q

in G2 phase the cell makes

A

proteins and other molecules needed for mitosis

57
Q

how long does the cell cycle take

A

24 hours

58
Q

how long is the cell in G1

A

10 hours

59
Q

how long is the cell in S phase

A

9 hours

60
Q

how long is the cell in G2

A

4 hours

61
Q

how long is the cell in Mitosis

A

1 hour

62
Q

how many checkpoints does the cell cycle have and where are they

A

3
G1/S checkpoints
G2/M checkpoint
Mitotic spindle checkpoint

63
Q

cytokinesis divides

A

the cytoplasm

64
Q

how are the stages of mitosis characterized

A

by location and behavior of the chromosomes

65
Q

G1 to S phase is an irrevsible transition (T/F)

A

true

66
Q

what makes microtubules

A

alpha and beta tubulin

67
Q

the centrosome is the main ____ ___ _____ (MTOC) of animal cells and protists

A

microtubule organizing center

68
Q

centrioles not involved in spindle formation are

A

duplicated and divided

69
Q

asters are

A

radial array of microtubules in animals (not plants)

70
Q

centrosomes seperate into two parts with one old and one new centriole in

A

early prophase

71
Q

in G1 of interphase, chromosomes are

A

unreplicated and found in the nucleus

72
Q

in G2 of interphase, chromosomes are

A

double at all points (contain 2 sister chromatids), found in nucleus

73
Q

why don’t spindles form in plants

A

they dont have centrioles

74
Q

what happens in prophase

A

spindle apparatus assembles, condensation continues, nuclear envelope starts to disintergrate, nucleolus disappears

75
Q

spindle microtubules grow from centrosomes at opposite spindle poles toward center of cell in…

A

prometaphase

76
Q

what is a kinetochore microtubule?

A

bind to kinetochore, connects at centromere

77
Q

what does a nonkinetochore microtubule do?

A

overlaps each other from opposite spindle pole, crossover at spindle midpoint

78
Q

what phase do kinetochore form on each sister chromatid at centromere?

A

prometaphase

79
Q

in prometaphase chromosomes begin to move where

A

towards the center of cell “congression”

80
Q

what happens in metaphase

A

spindle microtubules move chromosomes into metaphase plate, condensation gives each chromosome a characteristic shape

81
Q

when does anaphase begin

A

when centromeres split

82
Q

what happens in anaphase

A

cohesion proteins are removed from chromosomes and sister chromatids, (now called chromosomes) are pulled to opposite poles

83
Q

what are the two forms of movement in anaphase

A

Anaphase A- kinetochores pulled toward poles
Anaphase B- poles move apart

84
Q

What is used in Anaphase A to pull kinetochore microtubules

A

motor proteins at the spindle points dissesmble microtubules (depolymerization)

85
Q

What is used in Anaphase B

A

nonkinetochore molecules enlongate cell, motor proteins walk in opposite direction (polymerization)

86
Q

what happens in telophase

A

spindle apparatus is dissembles and chromosomes decondense, returning to extended state, nuclear envelope is formed around each set of chromosomes, RNA transcription resumes

87
Q

what happens in cytokinesis

A

two daughter cells are formed

88
Q

how are animal, protists, and fungi cells seperated?

A

furrow (contractile ring)

89
Q

how are plant cells seperated

A

cell plate forms and cuts cytoplasm in two

90
Q

how is the plane of cytoplasmic division determined

A

by the layer of microtubules that persists at former spindle midpoint (metaphase plate)

91
Q

what are the 5 types of histone proteins and how many copies are there of each?

A

H1=1
H2A=2
H2B=2
H3=2
H4=2

Biology (14 decks)

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