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Mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

How does prokaryotix cell division occur

A

binary fission- cell divides into two halves

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2
Q

how long does is take a bacteria cell to divide

A

20 minutes

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3
Q

where does replication of DNA begin in prokaryotes and how does it proceed

A

the origin, procees bi-directionally

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4
Q

how many genomes end up in each prokaryotic daughter cell

A

one genome

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5
Q

the two repleicated origins in prokaryotic cell migrate to ___ of the cell while replication continues

A

the poles (ends)

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6
Q

Once replication in a prokaryotic cell is complete, the _____ _______ grows inward and what happens?

A

plasma membrane; a new cell wall is synthesized

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7
Q

what is catenation?

A

rings of DNA seperated into 2 seperate copies

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8
Q

where does eukaryotic cells store genetic information

A

in chromosomes

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9
Q

eukaryotic chromosome count ranges from what

A

10-50 chromosomes

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10
Q

how many chromosome do humans have?

A

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

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11
Q

Why are the 23 pairs considered “nearly identical”

A

they have the same gene, same order, but dna sequence may be slightly different

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12
Q

the cell cycle is divided into three parts, name them

A

cell growth and activity
nuclear division (mitosis)
divison of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis)

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13
Q

what is the order of the cell cycle?

A

G1 (growth 1), S phase, G2 (growth 2), mitosis, cytokinesis

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14
Q

what is the difference between mitosis and meiosis

A

mitosis is a growth process, meiosis is a process of sexual reproduction

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15
Q

What happens in mitosis?

A

replicated DNA is divided equally and precisely, generating daughter cells

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16
Q

What are daughter cells

A

exact copies of parent cells

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17
Q

What happens in meiosis?

A

daughter nuclei with half the number of chromosomes are produced from the parental nucleus (arrangement of genes is different than the parent cell)

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18
Q

how is DNA seperated in mitosis?

A

mitotic cytoskeleton (microtubules)

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19
Q

heredity information within the nucleus is distributed how

A

among individual linear DNA molecules

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20
Q

what can happen when DNA combine with protein

A

stabilizes DNA molecule and can help pack DNA during cell division and influences the expression of indiviual genes

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21
Q

each chromosome is composed of…

A

one DNA molecule and associated proteins

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22
Q

what is a chromatin?

A

DNA + protein

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23
Q

how are two sister chromatids joined together?

A

by a centromere

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24
Q

what protein packages DNA to fit in nucleus

A

histone proteins

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25
in a ______, an eight-protein _________ _____ particle forms when DNA winds areound histones H2A, H2B, H3, H4
nucleosome, nucleosome core
26
nucleosomes and linkers appear as....
beads on a string
27
the solenoid model predicts what
the nucleosomes spiral helically with about 6 nucleosomes per turn
28
Chromatin packing continues at higher levels with....
euchromation and heterochromatin
29
difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin?
euchromatin is loosely packed genes that are highly expressed and heterchromatin are densely packed genes that are less expressed
30
replicated chromosomes are called
sister chromatids
31
sister chromatids are held together by
sister chromatid cohesion
32
cohesion is a
protein complex
33
what is the equal distribution of chromosomes into each daughter nuclei called
chromosome segregation
34
what is ploidy
the number of chromosomes sets in a cell or species
35
some microorganismz have only one copy of each type of chromosome in nuclei they are...
haploid, n
36
eukaryotes (most) hace two copies of each type of chromosome in nuclei, they are...
diploid, 2n
37
plants can have 3,4, or more complete sets of chromosomes in each cell they are...
polyploid
38
homologous chromosomes are
two chromosomes of each pair in a diploid cell, they have the same genes in same order in DNA
39
what is a karyotpye
individuals particular array of chromosomes
40
human sex cells are
haploid
41
human body cells are
diploid
42
homologous chromosomes are sister chromatids joined at the
centromere
43
what is the protocal for preparing cells for a karyotype?
1. add sample to culture medium that has a stimulator for growth and division of cells, incubate at 37 degrees celsius 2. stain the cells so chromosomes are distinguished 3. view stained cells under microscope with digitial imaging system and take a photograph
44
what phase of the cell cycle is the longest and primary growth phase
Gap Phase 1 (G1)
45
what phase of the cell cycle replicates DNA
Synthesis (S)
46
what phase of the cell cycle do organelles replicate and microtubules organize
Gap Phase 2 (G2)
47
What phase is subdivided into 5 phases
mitosis (M)
48
what phase seperates the cell into 2 new cells
cytokinesis (C)
49
what is different about G1 than other phases
it varies in length, other phases are typically uniform in length
50
what phases make up interphase
G1, S phase, G2
51
what type of cells often go into G0 phase
neurons
52
what is G0 phase
a phase after G1, where cells stop dividing, may or may not re-enter cell cycle
53
what are the steps of mitosis
1. prophase 2. prometaphase 3. metaphase 4. anaphase 5. telophase
54
in s phase chromosomes are
copied and held together
55
in G1 phase the cell makes
proteins and other molecules for S phase
56
in G2 phase the cell makes
proteins and other molecules needed for mitosis
57
how long does the cell cycle take
24 hours
58
how long is the cell in G1
10 hours
59
how long is the cell in S phase
9 hours
60
how long is the cell in G2
4 hours
61
how long is the cell in Mitosis
1 hour
62
how many checkpoints does the cell cycle have and where are they
3 G1/S checkpoints G2/M checkpoint Mitotic spindle checkpoint
63
cytokinesis divides
the cytoplasm
64
how are the stages of mitosis characterized
by location and behavior of the chromosomes
65
G1 to S phase is an irrevsible transition (T/F)
true
66
what makes microtubules
alpha and beta tubulin
67
the centrosome is the main ____ ___ _____ (MTOC) of animal cells and protists
microtubule organizing center
68
centrioles not involved in spindle formation are
duplicated and divided
69
asters are
radial array of microtubules in animals (not plants)
70
centrosomes seperate into two parts with one old and one new centriole in
early prophase
71
in G1 of interphase, chromosomes are
unreplicated and found in the nucleus
72
in G2 of interphase, chromosomes are
double at all points (contain 2 sister chromatids), found in nucleus
73
why don't spindles form in plants
they dont have centrioles
74
what happens in prophase
spindle apparatus assembles, condensation continues, nuclear envelope starts to disintergrate, nucleolus disappears
75
spindle microtubules grow from centrosomes at opposite spindle poles toward center of cell in...
prometaphase
76
what is a kinetochore microtubule?
bind to kinetochore, connects at centromere
77
what does a nonkinetochore microtubule do?
overlaps each other from opposite spindle pole, crossover at spindle midpoint
78
what phase do kinetochore form on each sister chromatid at centromere?
prometaphase
79
in prometaphase chromosomes begin to move where
towards the center of cell "congression"
80
what happens in metaphase
spindle microtubules move chromosomes into metaphase plate, condensation gives each chromosome a characteristic shape
81
when does anaphase begin
when centromeres split
82
what happens in anaphase
cohesion proteins are removed from chromosomes and sister chromatids, (now called chromosomes) are pulled to opposite poles
83
what are the two forms of movement in anaphase
Anaphase A- kinetochores pulled toward poles Anaphase B- poles move apart
84
What is used in Anaphase A to pull kinetochore microtubules
motor proteins at the spindle points dissesmble microtubules (depolymerization)
85
What is used in Anaphase B
nonkinetochore molecules enlongate cell, motor proteins walk in opposite direction (polymerization)
86
what happens in telophase
spindle apparatus is dissembles and chromosomes decondense, returning to extended state, nuclear envelope is formed around each set of chromosomes, RNA transcription resumes
87
what happens in cytokinesis
two daughter cells are formed
88
how are animal, protists, and fungi cells seperated?
furrow (contractile ring)
89
how are plant cells seperated
cell plate forms and cuts cytoplasm in two
90
how is the plane of cytoplasmic division determined
by the layer of microtubules that persists at former spindle midpoint (metaphase plate)
91
what are the 5 types of histone proteins and how many copies are there of each?
H1=1 H2A=2 H2B=2 H3=2 H4=2

Biology (14 decks)

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