Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Chapter 9: Cell communication > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Cell communication Flashcards

1
Q

how do cells communicate with one another?

A

direct contact
local signaling
long-distance signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how do target cells process the signal?

A

reception
transduction
response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the ligand?

A

the signaling molecule (source of communication)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what binds to the recptor protein

A

the signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where is the receptor protein found

A

on the plasma membrane or within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is direct contact?

A

molecules on the surface of one cell are recognized by the receptors on the adjacent cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does direct contact work?

A

signal cell docks (binds) to target cell and ions move through gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the limitation to direct contact?

A

size limit of ions through gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the types of local signaling?

A

paracrine, synaptic, and autocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is paracrine signaling?

A

secretory vesicle carries signaling molecules to neighboring cell receptors which results in a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is synaptic signaling

A

signaling between neurons-electrical signal triggers release of neurotransmitters, which diffuse across synapse and bind to receptors on adjacent neuron (chain rxn)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is autocrine signaling

A

the cell that produces the signal also reacts to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is long distance signaling

A

a controlling cell secretes a signaling molecule (hormone) which produces a response in target cell (may be far from controlling cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

in animals secreted hormones enter which system?

A

circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

in plants how do hormones travel to target cells?

A

by moving through cells or ethylene gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the most common mean of cell communication?

A

long distance signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is epinephrine and where does it go?

A

fight or flight (long distance) horomone and it goes to the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is reception?

A

binding of a signal molecule with a specific receptor on a target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens if the cell does not have a specific recptor?

A

the cell will not respond to the signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where are polar signal molecules received?

A

binding site on the cell surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where are nonpolar signal molecules received?

A

in the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is an example of a polar signal molecule

A

epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is an example of a nonpolar signal molecule

A

steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is transduction

A

events within the cell that occur in response to the signal-changes a signal into a form that causes a cellular response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
the initial signal binds to a receptor and does what?
activates the receptor which changes it to a form to initiate a signaling cascade
26
what can be part of the signaling cascade to result in a cellular response?
proteins and second messengers
27
what is cellular response?
the specific response that the transduced signal causes- dependent on the signal and receptors on the target cell
28
in sutherland's work what was the cellular response?(skip)
activation of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase
29
what are the three stages of signal transduction?
cytoplasmic end of receptor activates molecules transfefr signal down the pathway molecule produces a response, there is a conformation change in cell
30
what shape are receptor proteins?
3-dimensional shape that fits a specific signal molecule
31
when a signal molecule and receptor protein bind what happens?
a conformational change in the receptor protein is induced and response in cell is generated
32
receptor-ligand complex can directly or indirectly interacted with what?
a host of other signaling molecules within the cell
33
the activated receptor initiates what?
signal transduction
34
different cell types contain distinct combos of receptors which allows them to what?
react seperately to hormones and growth factors circulating in extracellular fluids
35
is the combo of surface receptors on a cell fixed or not
no, it changes as cell develops
36
what are the three subclasses of membrane receptors
channel linked receptors enzymatic receptors G protein-coupled receptor
37
what is a channel linked receptor?
ion channel that opens in response to ligand
38
what is an enzymatic receptor
enzume that is activated by the ligand (receptor tyrosine kinases)
39
what is a g protein-coupled receptor
a g-protein (bound to GTP) assists in transmitting the signal
40
what are the two types of G proteins
Ras and Trimeric G protein
41
Ras is monomeric (T/F)
true
42
trimeric has how many subunits and what are they?
3- alpha, beta, gamma
43
both RAS and trimeric bind to DTP in their _____ form and GDP in their _______ form
active; inactive
44
Where does the guanine necleotide bind to in trimeric protein
the alpha subunit
45
GPCR stands for
G-protein-coupled receptor
46
G protein can _______ or ____ an effector protein (enzyme)
activate or inhibit
47
where is G protein found
anchored to the membrane
48
the first messenger activates the GPCR by
binding to the extracellular signal
49
once the GPCR is activated the G protein...
loses the GDP and binds to a GTP
50
the alpha subunit of the G protein (bound to GTP) breaks off and....
binds to plasma membrane associated enzyme (effector)
51
when trimeric g protein is bound to GDP all subunits are...
connected
52
when triomeric is bound to GTP the subunits are...
seperated (beta and gamma) from the alpha unit
53
the activated effector generates what
nonprotein signal molecules or second messengers
54
how do second messengars activate protein kinases?
phosphorylating specific target proteins, directly or indirectly
55
what does protein kinase do?
enzyme that adds a phosphate to a protein
56
whtat does phosphatase do?
enzyme that removes a phosphate from a protein
57
what is phosphorylation
common way to change the activity of a protein
58
the seperate protein kinases all add phosphate groups to what amino acids in their target proteins?
serine or threonine or tyrosine
59
what are the target proteins functions?
enzymes that cataluze steps in metabolic pathways ion channels in the plasma (or other) membranes regulatory proteins that control gene activity and cell division
60
what is the chain of phosphorylation reactions called?
phosphorylation cascade
61
the last protein in the cascade is the
target protein
62
what is cyclic AMP (cAMP)
a small, water soluble molecule derived from ATP that acts as a second messenger
63
what is the effector that produces cAMP
enzyme adenylyl cyclase
64
what are the requirements for a 2nd messenger?
small mobile non-protein
65
what does cAMP do?
diffuses through the cytoplasm and activates protein kinases that add phosphate groups to target proteins
66
where are cAMP second messenger pathways found
in animals and fungi, some plants
67
what does cAMP do in plants?
could be involved in germination or defensive responses
68
what does cAMP do in animals?
controls cellular responses (uptake/oxidation of glucose) gylcogen breakdown/synthesis ion or amino acid transport cell division
69
if blood glucose level are higher than 5mm what releases?
insulin (beta cells of pancreas)
70
if blood glucose levels are lower than 5mm what releases?
glycogen (alpha cells of pancreas)
71
a ligand-gated ion channel responds to a ligand bindingn by...
changing conformation, or opening/closing an ion channel
72
ligand gated ion channels are involved in
neurotransmitter based signaling at chemical synapses
73
what are steroid hormones?
relatively small, nonpolar molecules derived from cholestrol- differ on side groups attached to 4 carbon rings
74
how to steroid hormones travel through the plasma membrane
by combining with hydrophilic carrier proteins
75
how many domains do steroid hormone receptors have? what are they?
2 major domains hormone-binding domain gene activation/ trans-activation domain
76
where does the steroid hormone combine with the receptor
hormone-binding domain
77
what changes shape when steroid hormone combines with the receptor
gene activation domain or trans-activation domain
78
what does nitric oxide control and where is it synthesized?
synthesized in some neurons, liver cells, immune cells, endothelial cells controls: blood flow, blood pressure, contractions in intestinal tract, facilitates mvmnt of air in/out of the lungs, erection of penis/clitoris
79
within a target cell what does NO bind to?
guanylyl cyclase (catalyzes cGMP synthesis)
80
what does amplification do in signal transduction?
increases sthe magnitude of each step (10 in 1st enzyme, 100 in 2nd, 1,000 in 3rd, etc)
81
the effects of protein kinases in signal transduction pathways are balanced/reversed how?
by protein phosphatases which remove phosphate groups from target proteins
82
phosphatases are always active (T/F)
true
83
how many isoforms does the receptor for epinephrine have?
9 isoforms
84
what is an isoform?
existence of multiple forms of the same receptor that has different effects
85

Biology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions