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Biology > Chapter 9: Cell communication > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Cell communication Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how do cells communicate with one another?

A

direct contact
local signaling
long-distance signaling

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2
Q

how do target cells process the signal?

A

reception
transduction
response

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3
Q

what is the ligand?

A

the signaling molecule (source of communication)

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4
Q

what binds to the recptor protein

A

the signal

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5
Q

where is the receptor protein found

A

on the plasma membrane or within the cell

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6
Q

what is direct contact?

A

molecules on the surface of one cell are recognized by the receptors on the adjacent cell

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7
Q

how does direct contact work?

A

signal cell docks (binds) to target cell and ions move through gap junctions

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8
Q

what is the limitation to direct contact?

A

size limit of ions through gap junctions

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9
Q

what are the types of local signaling?

A

paracrine, synaptic, and autocrine

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10
Q

what is paracrine signaling?

A

secretory vesicle carries signaling molecules to neighboring cell receptors which results in a response

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11
Q

what is synaptic signaling

A

signaling between neurons-electrical signal triggers release of neurotransmitters, which diffuse across synapse and bind to receptors on adjacent neuron (chain rxn)

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12
Q

what is autocrine signaling

A

the cell that produces the signal also reacts to it

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13
Q

what is long distance signaling

A

a controlling cell secretes a signaling molecule (hormone) which produces a response in target cell (may be far from controlling cell)

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14
Q

in animals secreted hormones enter which system?

A

circulatory system

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15
Q

in plants how do hormones travel to target cells?

A

by moving through cells or ethylene gas

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16
Q

what is the most common mean of cell communication?

A

long distance signaling

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17
Q

what is epinephrine and where does it go?

A

fight or flight (long distance) horomone and it goes to the liver

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18
Q

What is reception?

A

binding of a signal molecule with a specific receptor on a target cell

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19
Q

what happens if the cell does not have a specific recptor?

A

the cell will not respond to the signal

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20
Q

where are polar signal molecules received?

A

binding site on the cell surface

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21
Q

where are nonpolar signal molecules received?

A

in the cytoplasm

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22
Q

what is an example of a polar signal molecule

A

epinephrine

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23
Q

what is an example of a nonpolar signal molecule

A

steroid hormones

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24
Q

what is transduction

A

events within the cell that occur in response to the signal-changes a signal into a form that causes a cellular response

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25
Q

the initial signal binds to a receptor and does what?

A

activates the receptor which changes it to a form to initiate a signaling cascade

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26
Q

what can be part of the signaling cascade to result in a cellular response?

A

proteins and second messengers

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27
Q

what is cellular response?

A

the specific response that the transduced signal causes- dependent on the signal and receptors on the target cell

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28
Q

in sutherland’s work what was the cellular response?(skip)

A

activation of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase

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29
Q

what are the three stages of signal transduction?

A

cytoplasmic end of receptor activates
molecules transfefr signal down the pathway
molecule produces a response, there is a conformation change in cell

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30
Q

what shape are receptor proteins?

A

3-dimensional shape that fits a specific signal molecule

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31
Q

when a signal molecule and receptor protein bind what happens?

A

a conformational change in the receptor protein is induced and response in cell is generated

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32
Q

receptor-ligand complex can directly or indirectly interacted with what?

A

a host of other signaling molecules within the cell

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33
Q

the activated receptor initiates what?

A

signal transduction

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34
Q

different cell types contain distinct combos of receptors which allows them to what?

A

react seperately to hormones and growth factors circulating in extracellular fluids

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35
Q

is the combo of surface receptors on a cell fixed or not

A

no, it changes as cell develops

36
Q

what are the three subclasses of membrane receptors

A

channel linked receptors
enzymatic receptors
G protein-coupled receptor

37
Q

what is a channel linked receptor?

A

ion channel that opens in response to ligand

38
Q

what is an enzymatic receptor

A

enzume that is activated by the ligand (receptor tyrosine kinases)

39
Q

what is a g protein-coupled receptor

A

a g-protein (bound to GTP) assists in transmitting the signal

40
Q

what are the two types of G proteins

A

Ras and Trimeric G protein

41
Q

Ras is monomeric (T/F)

A

true

42
Q

trimeric has how many subunits and what are they?

A

3- alpha, beta, gamma

43
Q

both RAS and trimeric bind to DTP in their _____ form and GDP in their _______ form

A

active; inactive

44
Q

Where does the guanine necleotide bind to in trimeric protein

A

the alpha subunit

45
Q

GPCR stands for

A

G-protein-coupled receptor

46
Q

G protein can _______ or ____ an effector protein (enzyme)

A

activate or inhibit

47
Q

where is G protein found

A

anchored to the membrane

48
Q

the first messenger activates the GPCR by

A

binding to the extracellular signal

49
Q

once the GPCR is activated the G protein…

A

loses the GDP and binds to a GTP

50
Q

the alpha subunit of the G protein (bound to GTP) breaks off and….

A

binds to plasma membrane associated enzyme (effector)

51
Q

when trimeric g protein is bound to GDP all subunits are…

A

connected

52
Q

when triomeric is bound to GTP the subunits are…

A

seperated (beta and gamma) from the alpha unit

53
Q

the activated effector generates what

A

nonprotein signal molecules or second messengers

54
Q

how do second messengars activate protein kinases?

A

phosphorylating specific target proteins, directly or indirectly

55
Q

what does protein kinase do?

A

enzyme that adds a phosphate to a protein

56
Q

whtat does phosphatase do?

A

enzyme that removes a phosphate from a protein

57
Q

what is phosphorylation

A

common way to change the activity of a protein

58
Q

the seperate protein kinases all add phosphate groups to what amino acids in their target proteins?

A

serine or threonine or tyrosine

59
Q

what are the target proteins functions?

A

enzymes that cataluze steps in metabolic pathways
ion channels in the plasma (or other) membranes
regulatory proteins that control gene activity and cell division

60
Q

what is the chain of phosphorylation reactions called?

A

phosphorylation cascade

61
Q

the last protein in the cascade is the

A

target protein

62
Q

what is cyclic AMP (cAMP)

A

a small, water soluble molecule derived from ATP that acts as a second messenger

63
Q

what is the effector that produces cAMP

A

enzyme adenylyl cyclase

64
Q

what are the requirements for a 2nd messenger?

A

small
mobile
non-protein

65
Q

what does cAMP do?

A

diffuses through the cytoplasm and activates protein kinases that add phosphate groups to target proteins

66
Q

where are cAMP second messenger pathways found

A

in animals and fungi, some plants

67
Q

what does cAMP do in plants?

A

could be involved in germination or defensive responses

68
Q

what does cAMP do in animals?

A

controls cellular responses (uptake/oxidation of glucose)
gylcogen breakdown/synthesis
ion or amino acid transport
cell division

69
Q

if blood glucose level are higher than 5mm what releases?

A

insulin (beta cells of pancreas)

70
Q

if blood glucose levels are lower than 5mm what releases?

A

glycogen (alpha cells of pancreas)

71
Q

a ligand-gated ion channel responds to a ligand bindingn by…

A

changing conformation, or opening/closing an ion channel

72
Q

ligand gated ion channels are involved in

A

neurotransmitter based signaling at chemical synapses

73
Q

what are steroid hormones?

A

relatively small, nonpolar molecules derived from cholestrol- differ on side groups attached to 4 carbon rings

74
Q

how to steroid hormones travel through the plasma membrane

A

by combining with hydrophilic carrier proteins

75
Q

how many domains do steroid hormone receptors have? what are they?

A

2 major domains
hormone-binding domain
gene activation/ trans-activation domain

76
Q

where does the steroid hormone combine with the receptor

A

hormone-binding domain

77
Q

what changes shape when steroid hormone combines with the receptor

A

gene activation domain or trans-activation domain

78
Q

what does nitric oxide control and where is it synthesized?

A

synthesized in some neurons, liver cells, immune cells, endothelial cells
controls: blood flow, blood pressure, contractions in intestinal tract, facilitates mvmnt of air in/out of the lungs, erection of penis/clitoris

79
Q

within a target cell what does NO bind to?

A

guanylyl cyclase (catalyzes cGMP synthesis)

80
Q

what does amplification do in signal transduction?

A

increases sthe magnitude of each step
(10 in 1st enzyme, 100 in 2nd, 1,000 in 3rd, etc)

81
Q

the effects of protein kinases in signal transduction pathways are balanced/reversed how?

A

by protein phosphatases which remove phosphate groups from target proteins

82
Q

phosphatases are always active (T/F)

A

true

83
Q

how many isoforms does the receptor for epinephrine have?

A

9 isoforms

84
Q

what is an isoform?

A

existence of multiple forms of the same receptor that has different effects

85
Q
A

Biology (14 decks)

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