Chapter 7 Bio Exam 2 Flashcards
Autotrophs convert ________ energy into ______ energy
radiant (solar); chemical
how do heterotrophs gain energy?
live off of energy produced by autotrophs
Cellular respiration is the
collection of metabolic reactions that break down food molecules to produce energy in the form of ATP
What is aerobic respiration?
forms of cellular respiration in eukaryotes and many prokaryotes
oxygen is a reactant in the ATP producing process
What is anaerobic respiration?
form of cellular respiration in some prokaryotes
molecule other than oxygen (sulfate or nitrate) used in the ATP producing process
Oxygen is released during photosynthesis from….
water
cellular respiration includes
glucose, adp+p to form atp, and O2 to make H2O and CO2
what is the goal of cellular respiration?
to produce ATP
how is energy released from oxidation reactions
in the form of electrons
what are the 3 types of respiration
aerobic
anaerobic
fermentation
in aerobic respiration the final electron acceptor is
oxygen in atp producing process
in anaerobic respiration the final electron acceptor is
an inorganic molecule
in fermentation the final electron acceptor is
an organic molecule
electrons _______ energy as they go from donor molecule to acceptor molecule in redox rxns
release
ATP is generated by…
the transfer of electrons from one energy level to another
Where do electron carriers move
within the membrane
Dehydrogenase enzymes facilitate transfer electrons from a _____ molecule to a molecule that acts as _________
fuel; an electron carrier
In cellular respirartion dehydrogenases transfer how many electrons and proton to NAD+
two electrons and one proton
What is the most common electron carrier
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+)
NAD+ is the oxidized form. What is the reduced?
NADH
Name the polymers of Glucose
Glycogen, cellulose, startch
What are the 4 stages of oxidation of glucose
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate oxidation
- Kreb’s cycle
- Electron transport chain and Chemiosmosis (ATP Production)
Where does glycolysis occur
cytosol
where does pyruvate oxidation occur
mitochondrial matrix
where does the kreb’s cycle occur
mitochondrial matrix
where does ETC and ATP synthase occur
inner mitochondrial membrane
in glycolysis enzymes break a 6 carbon molecule of glucose into what
two 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate
ATP is synthesized by….
substrate-level phosphorylation
what is substrate-level phosphorylation
enzyme-catalyzed reaction that transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP
in pyruvate oxidation enzymes convert 3-carbon pyruvate into….
2-carbon acetyl group
the citric acid cycle (Kreb’s cycle) does what
oxidizes 2-carbon acetyl to CO2
High-energy electrons are delivered to _______ by a sequence of __________ in the electron transport chain
oxygen; electron carriers
free energy released by electron flow generated an H+ gradient by…
chemiosmosis
ATP synthase uses the _____ as the energy source to make ATP
H+ gradient
name the two ways atp can be made
substrate-level phosphorylation
oxidative phosphorylation
What inhibits phosphofructokinase?
excess ATP, NADH, excess citrate in glycolysis
What inhibits pyruvate kinase
high levels of ATP and Acetyl COA in glycolysis
what activates pyruvate kinase
high levels of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in glycolysis
what inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase in pyruvate oxidation
high levels of NADH
citrate synthase is inhibited by
high levels of ATP or high levels of citrate in citric acid cycle
ETC is a series of….
membrane-bound electron carriers
where is the ETC
embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane
where do electron that are transferred to ETC come from
NADH and FADH2
each complex of the ETC has and does
a proton pump creating the proton gradient
transfers electrons to the next carrier
what are the three major protein compexes in the ETC
I, III, and IV
where is complex II found
bounded to the inner mitochodrial membrane of the matrix side
Electrons from NADH enter the ETS at complex ____, electrons from FADH enter the ETS at complex ___
I, II
In ETs, electrons release free energy used to build what
the H+ gradient
High H+ concentration is in the
intermembrane compartment
Low H+ concentration is in the
matric
The H+ gradient supplies what?
energy that drives ATP synthesis by mitochondrial ATP synthase
what mobile electron carriers shuttle electrons between the major complexes
Cytochrome c and ubiquinone (coenzyme Q)
Cytochromes are proteins with
a heme prosthetic group that contain an iron atom that acceots and donates electrons
Individual electron carriers of the ETS are organized how
high to low free energy
NADH and FADh2 contain abundant free energy and are easily _____
oxidized
The terminal electron acceptor (O2) is easily reduced (T/F)
true
is electron movement throughout the system spontaneous?
yes and it releases free energy
which complexes actively transport protons (H+) from matrix to intermembrane compartmnet
I, III, IV
