Chapter 7 Bio Exam 2

Question 1

Autotrophs convert ________ energy into ______ energy

Answer 1

radiant (solar); chemical

Question 2

how do heterotrophs gain energy?

Answer 2

live off of energy produced by autotrophs

Question 3

Cellular respiration is the

Answer 3

collection of metabolic reactions that break down food molecules to produce energy in the form of ATP

Question 4

What is aerobic respiration?

Answer 4

forms of cellular respiration in eukaryotes and many prokaryotes
oxygen is a reactant in the ATP producing process

Question 5

What is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 5

form of cellular respiration in some prokaryotes
molecule other than oxygen (sulfate or nitrate) used in the ATP producing process

Question 6

Oxygen is released during photosynthesis from….

Answer 6

water

Question 7

cellular respiration includes

Answer 7

glucose, adp+p to form atp, and O2 to make H2O and CO2

Question 8

what is the goal of cellular respiration?

Answer 8

to produce ATP

Question 9

how is energy released from oxidation reactions

Answer 9

in the form of electrons

Question 10

what are the 3 types of respiration

Answer 10

aerobic
anaerobic
fermentation

Question 11

in aerobic respiration the final electron acceptor is

Answer 11

oxygen in atp producing process

Question 12

in anaerobic respiration the final electron acceptor is

Answer 12

an inorganic molecule

Question 13

in fermentation the final electron acceptor is

Answer 13

an organic molecule

Question 14

electrons _______ energy as they go from donor molecule to acceptor molecule in redox rxns

Answer 14

release

Question 15

ATP is generated by…

Answer 15

the transfer of electrons from one energy level to another

Question 16

Where do electron carriers move

Answer 16

within the membrane

Question 17

Dehydrogenase enzymes facilitate transfer electrons from a _____ molecule to a molecule that acts as _________

Answer 17

fuel; an electron carrier

Question 17

In cellular respirartion dehydrogenases transfer how many electrons and proton to NAD+

Answer 17

two electrons and one proton

Question 17

What is the most common electron carrier

Answer 17

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+)

Question 18

NAD+ is the oxidized form. What is the reduced?

Answer 18

NADH

Question 19

Name the polymers of Glucose

Answer 19

Glycogen, cellulose, startch

Question 20

What are the 4 stages of oxidation of glucose

Answer 20

1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate oxidation
3. Kreb’s cycle
4. Electron transport chain and Chemiosmosis (ATP Production)

Question 21

Where does glycolysis occur

Answer 21

cytosol

Question 22

where does pyruvate oxidation occur

Answer 22

mitochondrial matrix

Question 23

where does the kreb's cycle occur

Answer 23

mitochondrial matrix

Question 24

where does ETC and ATP synthase occur

Answer 24

inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 25

in glycolysis enzymes break a 6 carbon molecule of glucose into what

Answer 25

two 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate

Question 26

ATP is synthesized by....

Answer 26

substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 27

what is substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 27

enzyme-catalyzed reaction that transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

Question 28

in pyruvate oxidation enzymes convert 3-carbon pyruvate into....

Answer 28

2-carbon acetyl group

Question 29

the citric acid cycle (Kreb's cycle) does what

Answer 29

oxidizes 2-carbon acetyl to CO2

Question 30

High-energy electrons are delivered to _______ by a sequence of __________ in the electron transport chain

Answer 30

oxygen; electron carriers

Question 31

free energy released by electron flow generated an H+ gradient by...

Answer 31

chemiosmosis

Question 32

ATP synthase uses the _____ as the energy source to make ATP

Answer 32

H+ gradient

Question 33

name the two ways atp can be made

Answer 33

substrate-level phosphorylation oxidative phosphorylation

Question 34

What inhibits phosphofructokinase?

Answer 34

excess ATP, NADH, excess citrate in glycolysis

Question 35

What inhibits pyruvate kinase

Answer 35

high levels of ATP and Acetyl COA in glycolysis

Question 36

what activates pyruvate kinase

Answer 36

high levels of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in glycolysis

Question 37

what inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase in pyruvate oxidation

Answer 37

high levels of NADH

Question 38

citrate synthase is inhibited by

Answer 38

high levels of ATP or high levels of citrate in citric acid cycle

Question 39

ETC is a series of....

Answer 39

membrane-bound electron carriers

Question 40

where is the ETC

Answer 40

embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 41

where do electron that are transferred to ETC come from

Answer 41

NADH and FADH2

Question 42

each complex of the ETC has and does

Answer 42

a proton pump creating the proton gradient transfers electrons to the next carrier

Question 43

what are the three major protein compexes in the ETC

Answer 43

I, III, and IV

Question 44

where is complex II found

Answer 44

bounded to the inner mitochodrial membrane of the matrix side

Question 45

Electrons from NADH enter the ETS at complex ____, electrons from FADH enter the ETS at complex ___

Answer 45

I, II

Question 46

In ETs, electrons release free energy used to build what

Answer 46

the H+ gradient

Question 47

High H+ concentration is in the

Answer 47

intermembrane compartment

Question 48

Low H+ concentration is in the

Answer 48

matric

Question 49

The H+ gradient supplies what?

Answer 49

energy that drives ATP synthesis by mitochondrial ATP synthase

Question 50

what mobile electron carriers shuttle electrons between the major complexes

Answer 50

Cytochrome c and ubiquinone (coenzyme Q)

Question 51

Cytochromes are proteins with

Answer 51

a heme prosthetic group that contain an iron atom that acceots and donates electrons

Question 52

Individual electron carriers of the ETS are organized how

Answer 52

high to low free energy

Question 53

NADH and FADh2 contain abundant free energy and are easily _____

Answer 53

oxidized

Question 54

The terminal electron acceptor (O2) is easily reduced (T/F)

Answer 54

true

Question 55

is electron movement throughout the system spontaneous?

Answer 55

yes and it releases free energy

Question 56

which complexes actively transport protons (H+) from matrix to intermembrane compartmnet

Answer 56

I, III, IV