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Biology > Chapter 7 Bio Exam 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Bio Exam 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Autotrophs convert ________ energy into ______ energy

A

radiant (solar); chemical

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2
Q

how do heterotrophs gain energy?

A

live off of energy produced by autotrophs

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3
Q

Cellular respiration is the

A

collection of metabolic reactions that break down food molecules to produce energy in the form of ATP

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4
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

forms of cellular respiration in eukaryotes and many prokaryotes
oxygen is a reactant in the ATP producing process

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5
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

form of cellular respiration in some prokaryotes
molecule other than oxygen (sulfate or nitrate) used in the ATP producing process

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6
Q

Oxygen is released during photosynthesis from….

A

water

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7
Q

cellular respiration includes

A

glucose, adp+p to form atp, and O2 to make H2O and CO2

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8
Q

what is the goal of cellular respiration?

A

to produce ATP

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9
Q

how is energy released from oxidation reactions

A

in the form of electrons

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10
Q

what are the 3 types of respiration

A

aerobic
anaerobic
fermentation

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11
Q

in aerobic respiration the final electron acceptor is

A

oxygen in atp producing process

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12
Q

in anaerobic respiration the final electron acceptor is

A

an inorganic molecule

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13
Q

in fermentation the final electron acceptor is

A

an organic molecule

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14
Q

electrons _______ energy as they go from donor molecule to acceptor molecule in redox rxns

A

release

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15
Q

ATP is generated by…

A

the transfer of electrons from one energy level to another

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16
Q

Where do electron carriers move

A

within the membrane

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17
Q

Dehydrogenase enzymes facilitate transfer electrons from a _____ molecule to a molecule that acts as _________

A

fuel; an electron carrier

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17
Q

In cellular respirartion dehydrogenases transfer how many electrons and proton to NAD+

A

two electrons and one proton

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17
Q

What is the most common electron carrier

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+)

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18
Q

NAD+ is the oxidized form. What is the reduced?

A

NADH

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19
Q

Name the polymers of Glucose

A

Glycogen, cellulose, startch

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20
Q

What are the 4 stages of oxidation of glucose

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate oxidation
  3. Kreb’s cycle
  4. Electron transport chain and Chemiosmosis (ATP Production)
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21
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

cytosol

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22
Q

where does pyruvate oxidation occur

A

mitochondrial matrix

23
Q

where does the kreb’s cycle occur

A

mitochondrial matrix

24
Q

where does ETC and ATP synthase occur

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

25
Q

in glycolysis enzymes break a 6 carbon molecule of glucose into what

A

two 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate

26
Q

ATP is synthesized by….

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

27
Q

what is substrate-level phosphorylation

A

enzyme-catalyzed reaction that transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

28
Q

in pyruvate oxidation enzymes convert 3-carbon pyruvate into….

A

2-carbon acetyl group

29
Q

the citric acid cycle (Kreb’s cycle) does what

A

oxidizes 2-carbon acetyl to CO2

30
Q

High-energy electrons are delivered to _______ by a sequence of __________ in the electron transport chain

A

oxygen; electron carriers

31
Q

free energy released by electron flow generated an H+ gradient by…

A

chemiosmosis

32
Q

ATP synthase uses the _____ as the energy source to make ATP

A

H+ gradient

33
Q

name the two ways atp can be made

A

substrate-level phosphorylation
oxidative phosphorylation

34
Q

What inhibits phosphofructokinase?

A

excess ATP, NADH, excess citrate in glycolysis

35
Q

What inhibits pyruvate kinase

A

high levels of ATP and Acetyl COA in glycolysis

36
Q

what activates pyruvate kinase

A

high levels of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in glycolysis

37
Q

what inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase in pyruvate oxidation

A

high levels of NADH

38
Q

citrate synthase is inhibited by

A

high levels of ATP or high levels of citrate in citric acid cycle

39
Q

ETC is a series of….

A

membrane-bound electron carriers

40
Q

where is the ETC

A

embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane

41
Q

where do electron that are transferred to ETC come from

A

NADH and FADH2

42
Q

each complex of the ETC has and does

A

a proton pump creating the proton gradient
transfers electrons to the next carrier

43
Q

what are the three major protein compexes in the ETC

A

I, III, and IV

44
Q

where is complex II found

A

bounded to the inner mitochodrial membrane of the matrix side

45
Q

Electrons from NADH enter the ETS at complex ____, electrons from FADH enter the ETS at complex ___

A

I, II

46
Q

In ETs, electrons release free energy used to build what

A

the H+ gradient

47
Q

High H+ concentration is in the

A

intermembrane compartment

48
Q

Low H+ concentration is in the

A

matric

49
Q

The H+ gradient supplies what?

A

energy that drives ATP synthesis by mitochondrial ATP synthase

50
Q

what mobile electron carriers shuttle electrons between the major complexes

A

Cytochrome c and ubiquinone (coenzyme Q)

51
Q

Cytochromes are proteins with

A

a heme prosthetic group that contain an iron atom that acceots and donates electrons

52
Q

Individual electron carriers of the ETS are organized how

A

high to low free energy

53
Q

NADH and FADh2 contain abundant free energy and are easily _____

A

oxidized

54
Q

The terminal electron acceptor (O2) is easily reduced (T/F)

A

true

55
Q

is electron movement throughout the system spontaneous?

A

yes and it releases free energy

56
Q

which complexes actively transport protons (H+) from matrix to intermembrane compartmnet

A

I, III, IV

57
Q
A

Biology (14 decks)

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