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Biology > Chapter 4 Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Scientist ______ discovered cells in the year _____

A

Robert Hooke; 1665

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2
Q

Who proposed the Cell Theory

A

Mathias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

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3
Q

What are the 3 components of the Cell Theory

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. Cells are the smallest living units of all living organisms
  3. Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell
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4
Q

Names some cells

A

A. Bacterium
B. Archaean
C. Amoeba
D. Algae
E. Fungal Cells
F. Animal Cells
G. Plant Cells

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5
Q

Light microscopes characteristics

A

-use magnifying lens with visible light
-resolve structures that are 200nm apart
-limit to resolution using light

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6
Q

Electron Microscopes characteristics

A

-use beam of electrons
-resolve structures that are 0.2nm apart

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7
Q

What is Bright Field Microscopy

A

Light passes through specimen. Dye staining used to enhance contrasts, but this kills the cells

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8
Q

What microscopy stains molecules with specific fluorescent dyes? What kind of light is used to illuminate the cells?

A

Fluorescence microscopy; Ultraviolet light

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9
Q

What is transmission electron microscopy?

A

A beam of electrons focused on thin section of specimen in a vacuum

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10
Q

Nomarski (differential interference contrasts gives the cell a _____

A

3D appearance due to lenses that enhance differences in density

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11
Q

Lasers that scan a specimen in 3D localizing fluorescence emitted from each point is ______ microscopy

A

Confocal laser scanning microscopy

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12
Q

Super resolution fluorescent microscopy

A

Precisely targets the laser light that stimulates fluorescence

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13
Q

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A

Beam of electrons is scanned across a whole cell and electrons on surface are converted to a 3D image

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14
Q

Cell size is limited because…

A

of Surface Area to Volume Ratio

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15
Q

Surface Area determines what

A

the amount of substances that can be exchanged between a cell and the outside environment

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16
Q

Doubling the diameter of a cell increases the Surface Area by ____ and volume by _____

A

4 times; 8 times

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17
Q

Cells can increase surface area with what

A

extensions or folds

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18
Q

What is the Plasma membrane?

A

a phospholipid bilayer with embedded protein molecules that bounds cells

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19
Q

The phospholipid bilayer is a hydrophobic barrier to what?

A

water soluble substances

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20
Q

Anything can pass through the phospholipid bilayer. (T/F) If false, what can?

A

False. Only selected substances through transport protein channels

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21
Q

Selective transport of ions and water-soluble moleules maintain what?

A

specialized internal environments required for cellular life

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22
Q

DNA molecules are found in which area of all cells?

A

Central Region

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23
Q

The cytoplasm contains what?

A

cytosol and cytoskeleton

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24
Q

Where is the cytoplasm found?

A

Between the plasma membrane and central region

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25
Q

What is cytosol? What does it contain?

A

Aqueous solution containing ions, various organic molecules, and organelles

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26
Q

Cytoskeleton maintains _____ and plays a role in _________ and __________.

A

Cell shape; cell division; chromosome segregation

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27
Q

What domains are prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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28
Q

What kind of cells are Eukaryotes (domain Eukarya)

A

Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protista

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29
Q

There is a nucleus in prokaryotes (T/F)

A

false, no membrane around nucleoid region

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30
Q

Prokaryotes have few internal membranes (T/F)

A

True

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31
Q

Nucleus seperates what in Eukaryotic cells?

A

the DNA (nucleoid region) and cytoplasm

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32
Q

What are cell walls in prokaryotic cells coated with?

A

polysaccharides (glycocalyx)

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33
Q

When Glycocalyx is looselt associated with the cell it is a….

A

slime layer

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34
Q

When Glycocalyx is firmly attached it is a…

A

capsule

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35
Q

The plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells contains molecular systems that metabolize food into ATP. (T/F)

A

true

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36
Q

Many bacteria and archaeans move with what?

A

Flagella

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37
Q

The bacteria flagellum moves by?

A

rotating in a socket and pushes the cell through a liquid medium

38
Q

Pili attach the cell to other cell surfaces (T/F)

A

true

39
Q

What are the three most common shapes among prokaryotes?

A

spherical, rodlike and spiral

40
Q

What is DNA in a single circular molecule called

A

prokaryotic chromosome

41
Q

DNA info is copied to ____ and carried to _____ in the cytoplasm to assemble Amino Acids into _____

A

mRNA; ribosomes; proteins

42
Q

Where is DNA is the eukaryotic cell found

A

Nucleus within the Nuclear Envelope

43
Q

Eukaryotes are compartmentalized by an endomembrane system (T/F)

A

true

44
Q

There are no membrane bound organelles in eukaryotes (T/F)

A

false

45
Q

What do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?

A

chloroplasts, central vacuole and a cell wall

46
Q

Cell fractionation is used to

A

isolate and study organelles

47
Q

How many nucleuses are found in a eukaryotic cell

A

one

48
Q

Where does ribosomal RNA synthesis take place?

A

Nucleolus

49
Q

Nuclear envelope is made of…

A

2 phospholipid bilayers

50
Q

Protein filaments called _____ reinforce the nuclear envelope

A

lamins

51
Q

Nuclear pores control and regulate….

A

the passage of molecules in and out of the nucleus

52
Q

DNA is divided into multiple linear chromosomes in eukaryotes (T/F)

A

true

53
Q

Liquid within the nucleus is called

A

the nucleoplasm

54
Q

Chromatin is a combo of….

A

DNA and protiens

55
Q

Nuclear Localization Signal

A

Tells proteins where to go (into nucleus)

56
Q

What Amino Acids control the Nuclear Localization Signal

A

127-133

57
Q

the eukaryotic ribosome consists of

A

a large and small subunit

58
Q

ribosomes are made of what?

A

ribosomal RNA and proteins

59
Q

Ribosomal subunits are assembled in the nucleus (T/F)

A

true

60
Q

Ribosomes can only be freely suspended in the cytosol (T/F)

A

false. They can also attach to membranes

61
Q

Microtubules are the largest of the filaments (T/F)

A

true-25nm in diameter

62
Q

What are microtubules made of?

A

alpha- and beta- tubulin dimers

63
Q

Microtubule has a (+) and (-) end organized how?

A

head-to-tail in each side by side filament

64
Q

What are the three types of cytoskeleton filaments?

A

Microfilament, Microtubule, and Intermediate Filaments

65
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

interconnected system of protein fibers and tubes that extend throughout the cytoplasm

66
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A

maintain cell shape and internal organization, helps function in movement

67
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

a series of membranes throughout the cytoplasm dividing the cell into compartments where different cellular functions occur

68
Q

How are membranes connected?

A

Directly or indirectly by vesicles

69
Q

What are vesicles?

A

small membrane-bound sacs that transfer substances between parts of the system

70
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is an extensive interconnected network of channels and cisternae (T/F)

A

true

71
Q

ER occurs in what two forms

A

rough ER and smooth ER

72
Q

Mitochondria and Chloroplast do not have their own DNA (T/F)

A

false

73
Q

Mitochondria has 2 phospholipid bilayers. What are they called?

A

Outer and inner membranes. (Inner creates cristae)

74
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

Cellular Respiration, break down energy rich food and capture ATP

75
Q

Is oxygen required for cellular respiration?

A

yes

76
Q

Chloroplasts contain compartments of stacked _____ containing ______

A

grana; thylakoids

77
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Mitochondria haveoriginated from mutualistic relationship between ingested prokaryotic cell

78
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

enzyme-bearing, membrane-enclosed vesicles

79
Q

Peroxisomes contain enzymes that are involved in oxidation of…..

A

fatty acids

80
Q

What is a by-product of peroxisomes rendered harmless by catalase

A

Hydrogen Peroxide

81
Q

Explain vesicle traffic in the cytoplasm

A

Proteins made by ER ribosomes enter ER membrane where modifications are made. Vesicles bud from ER membrane and transport proteins to Golgi. Protein modification is completed in Golgi and sent by secretory vesicle to PM. Products released by exocytosis.

82
Q

Where are lysosomes formed?

A

Trans-Golgi Network

83
Q

Lysosomes are found in animals not plants (T/F)

A

true

84
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

breakdown macromolecules, destroy cells or foreign matter (phagocytosis), and digest worn-out damaged organelles (autophagy)

85
Q

The pH in lysosomes is more basic than the cytosol (T/F)

A

false. Lysosomes are more acidic

86
Q

What makes rough ER “rough”

A

ribosomes attached to outer surface

87
Q

Where do proteins in rough ER fold into final form and chemical modifications occur?

A

ER lumen

88
Q

What does smooth ER synthesize?

A

lipids that become a part of cell membranes

89
Q

What network compartments are found in the Golgi?

A

cis-, medial-, & trans-

90
Q

What side do proteins enter and exit the Golgi?

A

enter on the cis and exit on the trans

91
Q

What is the function of the Golgi?

A

collect, package and distributes molecules using vesicles
final protein folding

92
Q

How does exocytosis work?

A

Membrane of vesicle fuse and becomes apart of the plasma membrane.

Biology (14 decks)

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