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Biology > Chapter 10: Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Cell Cycle Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

one example of a model organism for cell cycle research is…

A

s. cerevisiae yeast

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2
Q

why is s. cerevisiae yeast a good model organism?

A

it has: many cells that can be easily visualized, cell cycle that can be paused at a specific phase, all cells can be synced to one phase, and mutations are easily generated

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3
Q

what are the two irreversible points of the cell cycle?

A

replication of genetic material (S phase)
seperation of the sister chromatids (anaphase and anaphase 2)

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4
Q

the cell cycle can be put on hold at specific points called checkponts (T/F)

A

true

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5
Q

what do checkpoints do?

A

check to make sure the process was done correctly
allows cells to respond to internal and external signals
prevents critical phases from beginning until the previous phase is completed correctly

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6
Q

what are the three checkpoints?

A

G1/S
G2/M
mitotic spindle

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7
Q

what happens during the G1/S checkpoint?

A

cell “decides” to divide
primary point for external signal influence

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8
Q

what happens during the G2/M checkpoint?

A

cell makes a commitment to mitosis
assesses success of DNA replication

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9
Q

what happens during the spindle checkpoint?

A

cell ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the spindle
during late metaphase

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10
Q

why would a cell arrest/stop at the G1/S checkpoint?

A

if DNA is damaged by radiation or chemicals
if the cell is nutritionally deficient or growth factors are absent

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11
Q

a cell would arrest at the G2/M checkpoint if DNA is replicated accurately in the S phase (T/F)

A

false

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12
Q

is accurate DNA replication essential for genetically identical daughter cells?

A

yes

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13
Q

how is the cell cycle directly regulated?

A

by an internal control system consisting of cyclins (proteins) and cyclin-dependent kinases (enzymes-Cdk)

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14
Q

what is Cdk?

A

a protein kinase
phosphorylates and regulates the activity of target proteins
Cdk stays active until cyclin is completely degraded
primary mechanism of cell cycle controls

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15
Q

Cdk becomes active when a cell synthesizes cyclin that binds to a cell receptor (T/F)

A

true

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16
Q

phosphorylation regulates proteins that initiate/regulate key events in the cell cycle (T/F)

A

true

17
Q

what are the three classes of cyclin?

A

G1/S cyclin
S cyclin
M cyclin

18
Q

which Cdk does G1/S cyclin bind to? when does it happen?

A

Cdk2
near the end of G1
required for transition from G1 to S and to commit to DNA replication

19
Q

which Cdk does S cyclin bind to? when does it happen?

A

Cdk2
in the S phase
required for initiation of DNA replication and progression of the cell through the S phase

20
Q

which Cdk does M cyclin bind to? when does it happen?

A

Cdk1
in G2
required for transition from G2 to M and the progression of the cell through mitosis

21
Q

what is the possible fourth cyclin?

A

G1 cyclin

22
Q

which Cdk does G1 cyclin bind to? where does it happen?

A

Cdk4 and Cdk6
before the G1/S transition
forms two cyclin-Cdk complexes

23
Q

G1 cyclin is needed to move the cell through the G1 checkpoint (T/F)

A

true

24
Q

the M cyclin-Cdk1 complex is also known as the _____-_______ ___________ _________

A

M-phase promoting factor (MPF)

25
Q

what enzyme complex does MPF activate when chromosomes are correctly attached to mitotic spindle?

A

anaphase-promoting complex (APC)

26
Q

what does APC do?

A

degrades an inhibiter of anaphase, leads to separation of sister chromatids
regulates to degradation of M cyclin, making Cdk1 to lose its activity

27
Q

is Cdk activity also controlled by the pattern of phosphorylation?

A

yes

28
Q

what was johnson and rao’s experiment?

A

fused human HeLa cells at different stages of the cell cycle (produced a single cell w 2 separate molecules)
determined whether one nucleus influenced the other in terms of progression through the cell cycle
result: molecules in the cytoplasm influence the stage of the cell cycle

29
Q

what did the gorbsky experiment help us understand about chromosome movement during anaphase?

A

helped us understand how the chromosomes move during anaphase
conclusion: chromosomes move by sliding over/along kinetochore microtubules

30
Q

what is another name for down syndrome?

A

trisomy 21

31
Q

what happens to cell cycle regulation in cancer?

A

cancer is uncontrollable cell division
produces a tumor (large mass of cells)
cancer cells lose adhesions to other cells and are free to move throughout the body

32
Q

oncogenes are what kind of gene?

A

cancer causing

33
Q

hormones and growth factors act on the cell by _________ __________ _________.

A

signal transduction pathway

34
Q

contact inhibition triggers external reaction pathways that inhibit division by arresting the cell cycle (T/F)

A

false. trigger internal reaction pathways

35
Q

what happens to cells that are in contact with one another?

A

shunted to G0 phase and prevented from dividing

36
Q

set up by starship

A

bonus

Biology (14 decks)

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