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Biology > Biology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Biology Exam 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What structures are only found in plant cells?

A

Chloroplasts
Large Vacuole
Plant Cell Walls

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2
Q

Where else do chloroplasts occur?

A

algae protists

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3
Q

Where else do cell walls occur?

A

algae protists
fungi

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4
Q

What are plastids

A

DNA containing genomes that synthesize proteins on ribosomes

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5
Q

Give some examples of plastids?

A

chloroplasts-yellow/green
amyloplasts-colorless plastids that store starch
chromoplasts-responsible for color in ripening fruit

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6
Q

Chloroplasts are surrounded by…

A

an outer boundary membrane and an inner boundary membrane that enclose inner stroma

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7
Q

What is contained in the stroma?

A

grana containing stacked thylakoids

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8
Q

Thylakoids contain?

A

chlorophyll

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9
Q

____ are large vesicles that perform specialized functions unique to plants

A

central vacuoles

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10
Q

Central vacuoles take up ____ of a plant cell

A

90%

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11
Q

The membrane thtat surrounds the central vacuole is called the

A

tonoplast

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12
Q

Central Vacuole Functions

A

-store salts, organic acids, sugars, pigments, proteins
-contains enzymes that breakdown macromolecules
-provide chemical defense

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13
Q

Cell Wall Functions

A

support individual cells
contain the pressure from central vacuole
protect cells against invading bacteria/fungi

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14
Q

what part of the cell wall is soft and flexible

A

primary cell wall

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15
Q

the _______ consists of additional layers of cellulose fibers and branched carbs

A

secondary cell wall

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16
Q

lignin reinfornces secondary cell walls in

A

woody plants

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17
Q

middle lamella holds together _____ with a layer of _____

A

the walls of adjacent cells; polysaccharides (pectin)

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18
Q

Plasmodesmata are

A

plasma membrane line channels that connect cytosols of adjacent cells

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19
Q

What are the specialized structures that organize animal cells

A

cell adhesion molecules
cell junctions
extracellular matrix (ECM)

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20
Q

Cell adhesion molecules are ______ in the plasma membrane that bind to molecules on other cells

A

glycoproteins

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21
Q

cancer cells lose

A

cell adhesion molecules

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22
Q

anchoring junctions examples

A

desmosomes-anchoring junctions within intermediate filaments
adherens junctions- microfilaments anchor the cytoskeleton
tight junctions
gap junctions

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23
Q

where are anchoring junctions most common in?

A

tissue that stretch, shear, or perform other mechanical functions

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24
Q

tight junctions

A

regions of tight connections btwn membranes of adj cells
seal spaces btwn cells
formed by direct fusion of proteins on the outer suraces of plasma membranes of adj. cells

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25
Q

Gap Junctions

A

open direct channels that allow ions and sm moelcules to pass directly from one cell to another

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26
Q

the ECM consists of

A

proteins and polysaccharides

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27
Q

what does the ECM form?

A

skin, bones, tendons, etc

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28
Q

ECM effects

A

cell division, adhesion, motility, and embyonic development

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29
Q

______ are the main component of ECM

A

glycoprotein (collagen)

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30
Q

fibronectins bind to _____ in the ________

A

receptor proteins; plasma membrane

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31
Q

consistency of the ECM depends on

A

proteoglycans that surround the collagen fibers

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32
Q

biological membranes consist of

A

lipids and proteins assembled into a thim film

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33
Q

two major types of lipids in membranes

A

phospholipis and sterols

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34
Q

structure of a phospholipids

A

glycerol
2 fatty acids attached to the glycerol (NP and Hydrophobic)
phosphate group attached to glycerol (P and hydrophilic)

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35
Q

phospholipids spontaneously form a

A

bilayer

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36
Q

sterol structure

A

nonpolar carbon ring with nonpolar side chain and single polar -OH group

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37
Q

sterols are found in the

A

phospholipid bilayer

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38
Q

what is the main sterol in animal membranes

A

cholesterol

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39
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model

A

proposes that the membrane consists of fluid phospholipid bilayer in which embedded proteins float freely

40
Q

integral proteins are embedded in the

A

phospholipid bilayer

41
Q

peripheral proteins are held to membrane surfaces by

A

noncovalent bonds

42
Q

purpose of membrane proteins

A

-transport
-recognition
-receptors
-cell adhesion

43
Q

does temperature help membrane fluidity

A

yes
-low temp= more stiff
-high temp=more fluid

44
Q

unstauration increases fluidity

A

true

45
Q

eukaryotic organisms adapt to colder temperatures by changing membrane lipids

A

true

46
Q

Frye and Edidin experiment summary

A

created chimera and discovered that proteins intermix (move about the cell)

47
Q

biological membranes are not selectively permeable

A

false

48
Q

charged atoms and molecules are blocked by ________

A

hydrophobic core

49
Q

passive transport goes _____ gradient

A

with

50
Q

active transport goes _____ gradient

A

against

51
Q

Examples of passive transports

A

-simple diffusion
-facilitated diffusion
-osmosis

52
Q

difference between primary and secondary active transport

A

-primary uses energy from ATP
-secondary uses energy in forms other than ATP

53
Q

What is simple diffusion

A

diffusion through lipid part of membrane
goes with concentration gradient
nonpolar inorganic gases (O2, N2, CO2)
depends on molecular size and lipid solubility

54
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

diffusion of polar and charged molecules through transport proteins

55
Q

What proteins are used in facilitated diffusion

A

-channel proteins
-aquaporins
-ion channels
-gated channels

56
Q

What are carrier proteins?

A

they transport ions and other solutes across the plasma membrane by physically binding molecules to one side of the membrane and releasing them on the other

57
Q

what is osmosis

A

passive diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane in response to concentration gradients

58
Q

osmosis scan cause cells to swell and burst or shink and shrivel

A

true

59
Q

osmotic pressure is the force needed to

A

stop osmotic flow

60
Q

what is tonicity

A

property of a solution with respect to a particular membrane

61
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

solution around the cell of nonpenetrating solutes is lower than solution in the cell

62
Q

Water enters and the cell swells then the solution is….

A

hypotonic

63
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

solution around the cell has more nonpenetrating solutes than solution in teh cell

64
Q

water leaves and the cell shrinks then the solution is…

A

hypertonic

65
Q

isotonic solution

A

concentration of solutes in and out of cell are balanced (equal)

66
Q

_______ cells constantly use energy to actively transport Na+ from inside to outside in order to keep fluids on either side of the plasma membrane _______

A

animal; isotonic

67
Q

Plasmolysis effects

A

contents of plant cells shrinks

67
Q

Name two ways organisms can maintain osmotic balance

A
  1. extrusion
  2. turgor pressure
67
Q

What is extrusion

A

water is ejected through contractile vacuoles

68
Q

What is turgor pressure

A

pushes the cell membrane against the cell wall to keep the cell rigid

69
Q

transport of substances across a membrane AGAINST concentration gradient requires….

A

active transport

70
Q

Active transport requires….

A

energy input

71
Q

What are the three main functions of active transport

A
  1. uptake of essential nutrients from fluid surrounding cells
  2. Removal of secretory or waste materials from cells/organells
  3. Maintenance of intracellular concentrations of H+, Na+, K+, Ca2+
72
Q

What is membrane potential

A

active transport of ions that contribute an electrial charge across the plasma membrane

73
Q

neurons and muscle cells use membrane potential in response to what

A

stimulus- when membrane potential changes rapidly and transiently

74
Q

What are the two kinds of active transport

A

primary and secondary active transport

75
Q

what is primary active transport

A

the protein that transports a substance also hydrolyzes ATP to power the transport directly

76
Q

What is secondary active transport

A

transport indirectly driven by ATP hydrolysis

77
Q

what active transport requires energy and moves substances from low to high concentration by carrier proteins

A

primary active transport

78
Q

The sodium-potassium pump is an example of….

A

primary active transport

79
Q

Sodium-potassium pump moves _____ Na+ ____ of the cell and ___ K+ ____ the cell

A

3; out; 2; in

80
Q

What are the 4 domains of the sodium-potassium pump

A
  1. Nucleotide binding
  2. Phosphozation
  3. Mediator
  4. Transmembrane
81
Q

What is the sequence of the sodium-potassium pump

A

inside facing, binding of Na+, binding of ATP, phosphate binds to pump, conformational change (faces outward), Na+ released, K+ binds, dephospozation, change in conformation (inside facing), releases K+

82
Q

What does the calcium pump do

A

moves Ca2+ from cytoplasm to cell exterior and from the cytosol into the vesicles of the ER

83
Q

what does the Ca2+ gradient regulate

A

secretion, microtubule assembly and muscle contraction

84
Q

Secondary active transport pumps use an _____ concentration gradient established by a _______ as an energy source

A

ion; primary pump

85
Q

What happens in symport secondary active transport?

A

the solute moves through the membrane channel in the same direction as the driving ion

86
Q

What happens in antiport secondary active transport?

A

the solute and driving ion move through the membrane channel in opposite directions

87
Q

When does endocytosis occur?

A

Endocytosis occurs when proteins and other substances are trapped in pit-like inward depressions from the plasma membrane

88
Q

What is non-specific endocytosis (opinocytosis)?

A

the cell takes in only fluid

89
Q

What is specific recepto-mediated endocytosis?

A

specific molecules are taken in after they bind to a receptor

90
Q

what is the depression in the plasma membrane called during endocytosis?

A

coated pit

91
Q

what coats and reinforces the “coated pit”? on what side?

A

clathrin proteins on the cytoplasm side

92
Q

What is phagocytocis?

A

taking in of particles by phagocytes. happens in protists

93
Q
A

Biology (14 decks)

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