Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Biology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Biology Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are only found in plant cells?

A

Chloroplasts
Large Vacuole
Plant Cell Walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where else do chloroplasts occur?

A

algae protists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where else do cell walls occur?

A

algae protists
fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are plastids

A

DNA containing genomes that synthesize proteins on ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give some examples of plastids?

A

chloroplasts-yellow/green
amyloplasts-colorless plastids that store starch
chromoplasts-responsible for color in ripening fruit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chloroplasts are surrounded by…

A

an outer boundary membrane and an inner boundary membrane that enclose inner stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is contained in the stroma?

A

grana containing stacked thylakoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Thylakoids contain?

A

chlorophyll

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

____ are large vesicles that perform specialized functions unique to plants

A

central vacuoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Central vacuoles take up ____ of a plant cell

A

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The membrane thtat surrounds the central vacuole is called the

A

tonoplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Central Vacuole Functions

A

-store salts, organic acids, sugars, pigments, proteins
-contains enzymes that breakdown macromolecules
-provide chemical defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cell Wall Functions

A

support individual cells
contain the pressure from central vacuole
protect cells against invading bacteria/fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what part of the cell wall is soft and flexible

A

primary cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the _______ consists of additional layers of cellulose fibers and branched carbs

A

secondary cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

lignin reinfornces secondary cell walls in

A

woody plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

middle lamella holds together _____ with a layer of _____

A

the walls of adjacent cells; polysaccharides (pectin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Plasmodesmata are

A

plasma membrane line channels that connect cytosols of adjacent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the specialized structures that organize animal cells

A

cell adhesion molecules
cell junctions
extracellular matrix (ECM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cell adhesion molecules are ______ in the plasma membrane that bind to molecules on other cells

A

glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cancer cells lose

A

cell adhesion molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

anchoring junctions examples

A

desmosomes-anchoring junctions within intermediate filaments
adherens junctions- microfilaments anchor the cytoskeleton
tight junctions
gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where are anchoring junctions most common in?

A

tissue that stretch, shear, or perform other mechanical functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

tight junctions

A

regions of tight connections btwn membranes of adj cells
seal spaces btwn cells
formed by direct fusion of proteins on the outer suraces of plasma membranes of adj. cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Gap Junctions
open direct channels that allow ions and sm moelcules to pass directly from one cell to another
26
the ECM consists of
proteins and polysaccharides
27
what does the ECM form?
skin, bones, tendons, etc
28
ECM effects
cell division, adhesion, motility, and embyonic development
29
______ are the main component of ECM
glycoprotein (collagen)
30
fibronectins bind to _____ in the ________
receptor proteins; plasma membrane
31
consistency of the ECM depends on
proteoglycans that surround the collagen fibers
32
biological membranes consist of
lipids and proteins assembled into a thim film
33
two major types of lipids in membranes
phospholipis and sterols
34
structure of a phospholipids
glycerol 2 fatty acids attached to the glycerol (NP and Hydrophobic) phosphate group attached to glycerol (P and hydrophilic)
35
phospholipids spontaneously form a
bilayer
36
sterol structure
nonpolar carbon ring with nonpolar side chain and single polar -OH group
37
sterols are found in the
phospholipid bilayer
38
what is the main sterol in animal membranes
cholesterol
39
what is the fluid mosaic model
proposes that the membrane consists of fluid phospholipid bilayer in which embedded proteins float freely
40
integral proteins are embedded in the
phospholipid bilayer
41
peripheral proteins are held to membrane surfaces by
noncovalent bonds
42
purpose of membrane proteins
-transport -recognition -receptors -cell adhesion
43
does temperature help membrane fluidity
yes -low temp= more stiff -high temp=more fluid
44
unstauration increases fluidity
true
45
eukaryotic organisms adapt to colder temperatures by changing membrane lipids
true
46
Frye and Edidin experiment summary
created chimera and discovered that proteins intermix (move about the cell)
47
biological membranes are not selectively permeable
false
48
charged atoms and molecules are blocked by ________
hydrophobic core
49
passive transport goes _____ gradient
with
50
active transport goes _____ gradient
against
51
Examples of passive transports
-simple diffusion -facilitated diffusion -osmosis
52
difference between primary and secondary active transport
-primary uses energy from ATP -secondary uses energy in forms other than ATP
53
What is simple diffusion
diffusion through lipid part of membrane goes with concentration gradient nonpolar inorganic gases (O2, N2, CO2) depends on molecular size and lipid solubility
54
what is facilitated diffusion
diffusion of polar and charged molecules through transport proteins
55
What proteins are used in facilitated diffusion
-channel proteins -aquaporins -ion channels -gated channels
56
What are carrier proteins?
they transport ions and other solutes across the plasma membrane by physically binding molecules to one side of the membrane and releasing them on the other
57
what is osmosis
passive diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane in response to concentration gradients
58
osmosis scan cause cells to swell and burst or shink and shrivel
true
59
osmotic pressure is the force needed to
stop osmotic flow
60
what is tonicity
property of a solution with respect to a particular membrane
61
Hypotonic solution
solution around the cell of nonpenetrating solutes is lower than solution in the cell
62
Water enters and the cell swells then the solution is....
hypotonic
63
Hypertonic solution
solution around the cell has more nonpenetrating solutes than solution in teh cell
64
water leaves and the cell shrinks then the solution is...
hypertonic
65
isotonic solution
concentration of solutes in and out of cell are balanced (equal)
66
_______ cells constantly use energy to actively transport Na+ from inside to outside in order to keep fluids on either side of the plasma membrane _______
animal; isotonic
67
Plasmolysis effects
contents of plant cells shrinks
67
Name two ways organisms can maintain osmotic balance
1. extrusion 2. turgor pressure
67
What is extrusion
water is ejected through contractile vacuoles
68
What is turgor pressure
pushes the cell membrane against the cell wall to keep the cell rigid
69
transport of substances across a membrane AGAINST concentration gradient requires....
active transport
70
Active transport requires....
energy input
71
What are the three main functions of active transport
1. uptake of essential nutrients from fluid surrounding cells 2. Removal of secretory or waste materials from cells/organells 3. Maintenance of intracellular concentrations of H+, Na+, K+, Ca2+
72
What is membrane potential
active transport of ions that contribute an electrial charge across the plasma membrane
73
neurons and muscle cells use membrane potential in response to what
stimulus- when membrane potential changes rapidly and transiently
74
What are the two kinds of active transport
primary and secondary active transport
75
what is primary active transport
the protein that transports a substance also hydrolyzes ATP to power the transport directly
76
What is secondary active transport
transport indirectly driven by ATP hydrolysis
77
what active transport requires energy and moves substances from low to high concentration by carrier proteins
primary active transport
78
The sodium-potassium pump is an example of....
primary active transport
79
Sodium-potassium pump moves _____ Na+ ____ of the cell and ___ K+ ____ the cell
3; out; 2; in
80
What are the 4 domains of the sodium-potassium pump
1. Nucleotide binding 2. Phosphozation 3. Mediator 4. Transmembrane
81
What is the sequence of the sodium-potassium pump
inside facing, binding of Na+, binding of ATP, phosphate binds to pump, conformational change (faces outward), Na+ released, K+ binds, dephospozation, change in conformation (inside facing), releases K+
82
What does the calcium pump do
moves Ca2+ from cytoplasm to cell exterior and from the cytosol into the vesicles of the ER
83
what does the Ca2+ gradient regulate
secretion, microtubule assembly and muscle contraction
84
Secondary active transport pumps use an _____ concentration gradient established by a _______ as an energy source
ion; primary pump
85
What happens in symport secondary active transport?
the solute moves through the membrane channel in the same direction as the driving ion
86
What happens in antiport secondary active transport?
the solute and driving ion move through the membrane channel in opposite directions
87
When does endocytosis occur?
Endocytosis occurs when proteins and other substances are trapped in pit-like inward depressions from the plasma membrane
88
What is non-specific endocytosis (opinocytosis)?
the cell takes in only fluid
89
What is specific recepto-mediated endocytosis?
specific molecules are taken in after they bind to a receptor
90
what is the depression in the plasma membrane called during endocytosis?
coated pit
91
what coats and reinforces the "coated pit"? on what side?
clathrin proteins on the cytoplasm side
92
What is phagocytocis?
taking in of particles by phagocytes. happens in protists
93

Biology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions