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Biology > Meiosis > Flashcards

Meiosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Meiosis creates ______ _______ cells from one diploid cell

A

4 haploid

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2
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

germ line cells

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3
Q

Where are germ line cells found?

A

gonads (testes and ovaries)

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4
Q

At the end of meiosis what is produced?

A

gametes (sperm and ova) called gametogensis

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5
Q

how many sets of chromosomes do gametes have

A

one (haploid)

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6
Q

during fertilization the nuclei of egg and sperm cell fuse and produce what?

A

a zygote

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7
Q

What does asexual reproduction generate

A

genetically identical offspring

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8
Q

meiosis and fertillization mix genetic information into…

A

new combinations

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9
Q

sexual reproduction generates variability that is the basis of most inherited differences among individual sexually repoducing organisms (T/F)

A

true

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10
Q

how many parts is meiosis

A

two parts; meiosis I and meiosis II

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11
Q

DNa replicates and chromosome proteins are duplicated in the _______ ______ (meiosis)

A

premeiotic interphase

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12
Q

During Meiosis I homologous chromosomes and non sister chromatids undergo…

A

crossing-over

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13
Q

After meiosis I each diploid has…

A

the diploid number of chromosomes-each chromosome has 2 sister chromatids

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14
Q

In meiosis II, sister chromatids… (anaphase)

A

seperate

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15
Q

what happens in synapsis

A

sister chromatids connect together in synaptonemal complex

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16
Q

what is homologous recombination

A

genetic exchange (crossing over) occurs between homologous cchromosomes

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17
Q

what is reduction division

A

meiosis involves two successive divisions, with no replication of genetic material between them

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18
Q

meiosis II do does not have an ____ phase before it

A

S phase

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19
Q

when does recombination (crossing over) occur?

A

prophase I of Meiosis I

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20
Q

What does recombination do?

A

generates diversity

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21
Q

what are alleles?

A

versions of each gene present in the members of a homologous pair

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22
Q

are alleles the same or different?

A

they can be either

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23
Q

for a gene that encodes proteins, what do alleles do

A

they can encode different versions of the protein, or no protein at all

24
Q
A
25
Q

chiasmata is the…

A

point of contact in crossing over

26
Q

recombination results in identical sister chromatids (T/F)

A

false

27
Q

the first meiotic division is termed the…

A

“reduction division”

28
Q

second meiotic division does not further reduce the number of chromosomes (T/F)

A

true

29
Q

what happens in prophase I of meiosis I

A

replicated chromosomes (sister chromatids) fold and condense in the nucleus
two chromosomes of each homologous pair undergo synapsis (from tetrads)
chromatids of homologous chromosomes cross over and form chiasmata

30
Q

what happens in prometaphase I

A

the nuclear envelope breaks down, spindel enters and chromosomes attach to kinetochor microtubulues

31
Q

what is different between prometaphase of mitosis and prometaphase I of meiosis

A

sister chromatids remain together in prometaphase I

32
Q

where do spindle microtubules attach to kinetochore proteins

A

on the outside of each centromere

33
Q

what happens in metaphase I

A

terminal chiasmata hold homologous pairs together and line up on metaphase plate

34
Q

orientation of homologues is random (T/F)

A

true

35
Q

what is the formula for independent assortment

A

2^n (n is chromosome pairs)

36
Q

what are the major sources of genetic variability

A

crossing over
independent assortment
sets of male and female gametes that unite in fertilization

37
Q

what happens in anaphase I

A

spindle fibers shorten and pull centromeres to poles, seperation of homologous chromosomes
random orientation results in independent assortment

38
Q

what happens in telophase I

A

chromosomes are segregated into 2 clusters, one at each pole
nuclear membrane reforms

39
Q

what follows meiosis I

A

G1, G2, meiosis II (no s phase)

40
Q

what happens in prophase II

A

chromosomes condense and spindle forms, nuc envelope starts to breakdown

41
Q

what happens in prometaphase II

A

nuclear envelope completely breaks down
spindle microtubulues attach to the two kinetochores of each chromosome

42
Q

what happens in metaphase II

A

spindle microtubules align chromosomes on the metaphase plate

43
Q

what happens in anaphase II

A

spindles seperate the two chromatid and pull them towards opposite spindle poles

44
Q

what happens in telophase II

A

chromatids decondence to extend interphase state
spindles disassemble and nuc envelopes form around chromatin

45
Q

what happens in nondisjunction

A

the spindle fails to seperate the homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids

46
Q

zygotes that receive extra copy of chromosome in nondisjuction have…

A

3 chromosomes instead of 2

47
Q

what chromosome is affected in down syndrome

A

chromosome 21-trisomy 21

48
Q

what are sex chromosomes

A

pairs of chromosomes that are different in male and female individuals of the same species
i.e. XX vs XY

49
Q

in females the two X chromosomes are fully or partly homolgous

A

fully

50
Q

in males the X and Y chromosomes are fully or partly homolgous

A

partly

51
Q

can crossing over occur more than once in the same chromosome pair

A

yes

52
Q

in animals which phase dominates the life cycle? which phase is reduced?

A

diploid phase, haploid phase is reduced

53
Q

in animals meiosis is followed directly by what

A

gamete formation/fertilization

54
Q

plants can have either diploid of haploid dominate the life cycle (T/F)

A

true

55
Q

in some fungi and algae the diploid phase is limited to what single cell?

A

the zygote produced by fetrtilization

Biology (14 decks)

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