Mitochondria/Adipose/Epithelial

Question 0

What important proteins are found at inner membrane of mitochondria?

Answer 0

proteins of oxphos (ATP generation)

Question 1

What important protein is on outer membrane of mitochondria?

Answer 1

voltage dependent anion channel (transfers ATP to cytosol)

Question 2

What important proteins are found intermembrane space of mitochondria?

Answer 2

enzymes that use ATP from oxphos

Question 3

What important proteins are found in matrix of mitochondria?

Answer 3

Enzymes of CAC and beta oxidation

Question 4

What protein in mitochondria triggers cell death? Where is it found?

Answer 4

Cytochrome C; intermembrane space

Question 5

Describe steps of oxphos for ATP snthesis.

Answer 5

NADH reduction (by complexes) –> H+ in matrix –> complexes bring H+ to intermembrane space (creates gradient) –> ATP synthase brings H+ back to matrix

Question 6

How does ATP get from mitochondrial matrix to cytosol?

Answer 6

1. ATP/ADP exchange protein transfers ATP to intermembrane space
2. Voltage dependent anion channels of outer membrane bring ATP to cytosol

Question 7

What is chemiosmotic coupling?

Answer 7

ATP synthasee- ATP synthesis via energy from proton gradient

Question 8

What are the CAC and beta oxidation products in the mitochondrial matrix?

Answer 8

CO2, reduced NADH

Question 9

Describe the conformations of the mitocchondria.

Answer 9

orthodox- prominent cristae, large matrix, low oxphos

condensed- large intermemrane space, high oxphos

Question 10

What is unilocular adipose tissue?

Answer 10

white adipose tissue

Question 11

what is multilocular adipose tissue?

Answer 11

brown adipose tissue

Question 12

What hormones/other stuff are secreted by WAT?

Answer 12

leptin (peptide hormone), angiotensin (HTN), steroid hormones (activated)
also cytokines and growth factorss

Question 13

When do you have the most BAT?

Answer 13

fetus

Question 14

What activates mobilization of BAT?

Answer 14

norepinephrine stim lipolysis

Question 15

Describe thermogenic activity of BAT.

Answer 15

UCP-1 (from mitochondria protein) uncouples FA oxidation from ATP synthase, instead proton gradient produces heat

Question 16

Grehlin:
short or long term?
what does it do?
where does it bind?

Answer 16

• short term
• appetite stimulant
• a. pituitary gland (release growth hormone); hypothalamus

Question 17

Prader Willi syndrome

• cause
• symptom

Answer 17

overproduction of ghrelin
chromosome 15 mutation
morbid obesity

Question 18

Peptide YY

• short or long term?
• where is it produced?
• What does it bind?
• what does it do?

Answer 18

• short term weight hormone regualtion
• from small intestine
• binds hypothalamus
• suppress appetite

Question 19

Leptin

• short or long term?
• what does it do?

Answer 19

• long term

- decrease food intake (but elevated in obese individuals)

Question 20

What hormone is required for accumulation of adipose tissue?

Answer 20

insulin

Question 21

TNF alpha elevation is associated with …

Answer 21

insulin resistant (obesity, diabetes)

Question 22

Epithelium types (2)

Answer 22

simple (one cell layer)

stratified

Question 23

Epithelium cell types (4)

Answer 23

squamous- fat/flat
cuboidal
columnar
pyrmidal (exocrine cells)

Question 24

Where is transitional epithelium found?

Answer 24

urothelium

Question 25

Where is endothelilum?

Answer 25

blood and lymphatic vessels

Question 26

Where is endocardium?

Answer 26

ventricles and atria of heart

Question 27

Where is mesothelium?

Answer 27

closed cavities of body

Question 28

What is basal domain of epithelial cells anchored onto?

Answer 28

connective tissue

Question 29

Vascular system, body cavities, bowmans capsule, respiratory spaces EXCHANGE
- what epithelium type?

Answer 29

simple squamous

Question 30

exocrine glands, ovary, kidney tubules, thyroid follicles
ABSORPTION
-what epithelial cell type?

Answer 30

simple cuboidal

Question 31

small intestine, colon, stomach, gallbladder
ABSORPTION
-what epithelial cell type?

Answer 31

simple columnar

Question 32

Trachea/bronchial tree, ductus deferens, epididymis
ABSORPTION/SECRETION/CONDUIT
-what epithelial cell type

Answer 32

pseudostratified

Question 33

epidermis, oral cavity, esophagus, vagina
BARRIER
-what epithelium type?

Answer 33

stratified squamous

Question 34

Sweat gland ducts, large exocrine ducts, anorectal jxn
BARRIER
-what epithelial type?

Answer 34

stratified cuboidal or stratified columnar

Question 35

Exocrine gland types? (3)

Answer 35

Merocrine (secretory vesicles) (most common)
Apocrine (takes PM off with it)
Holocrine: accum and cell death release

Question 36

Reasons for cell atrophy (5)

Answer 36

• decreased functional demand
• decreased O2 supply
• starvation/malnutrition
• decrease trophic stim
• persistent cell injury

Question 37

Reasons for hypertrophy (2)

Answer 37

• increased functional demand

- increased growth factor stim

Question 38

Mechanisms for hypertrophy:

Answer 38

-mechanical stretch
-agonist binding
growth factor binding
(all activate signal transduction path)

Question 39

Where is sER most well developed?

Answer 39

cells that synthesize and secrete steroids
ex. adrenocortical, testicular leydig cells

cells thhat are involved in lippid metabolism

Question 40

What is the role of sER in drug metaoblism?

Answer 40

detoxifiying enzymes, like CYP, are anchored to sER PM