Mitochondria/Adipose/Epithelial Flashcards
What important proteins are found at inner membrane of mitochondria?
proteins of oxphos (ATP generation)
What important protein is on outer membrane of mitochondria?
voltage dependent anion channel (transfers ATP to cytosol)
What important proteins are found intermembrane space of mitochondria?
enzymes that use ATP from oxphos
What important proteins are found in matrix of mitochondria?
Enzymes of CAC and beta oxidation
What protein in mitochondria triggers cell death? Where is it found?
Cytochrome C; intermembrane space
Describe steps of oxphos for ATP snthesis.
NADH reduction (by complexes) –> H+ in matrix –> complexes bring H+ to intermembrane space (creates gradient) –> ATP synthase brings H+ back to matrix
How does ATP get from mitochondrial matrix to cytosol?
- ATP/ADP exchange protein transfers ATP to intermembrane space
- Voltage dependent anion channels of outer membrane bring ATP to cytosol
What is chemiosmotic coupling?
ATP synthasee- ATP synthesis via energy from proton gradient
What are the CAC and beta oxidation products in the mitochondrial matrix?
CO2, reduced NADH
Describe the conformations of the mitocchondria.
orthodox- prominent cristae, large matrix, low oxphos
condensed- large intermemrane space, high oxphos
What is unilocular adipose tissue?
white adipose tissue
what is multilocular adipose tissue?
brown adipose tissue
What hormones/other stuff are secreted by WAT?
leptin (peptide hormone), angiotensin (HTN), steroid hormones (activated)
also cytokines and growth factorss
When do you have the most BAT?
fetus
What activates mobilization of BAT?
norepinephrine stim lipolysis
Describe thermogenic activity of BAT.
UCP-1 (from mitochondria protein) uncouples FA oxidation from ATP synthase, instead proton gradient produces heat
Grehlin:
short or long term?
what does it do?
where does it bind?
- short term
- appetite stimulant
- a. pituitary gland (release growth hormone); hypothalamus
Prader Willi syndrome
- cause
- symptom
overproduction of ghrelin
chromosome 15 mutation
morbid obesity
Peptide YY
- short or long term?
- where is it produced?
- What does it bind?
- what does it do?
- short term weight hormone regualtion
- from small intestine
- binds hypothalamus
- suppress appetite
Leptin
- short or long term?
- what does it do?
- long term
- decrease food intake (but elevated in obese individuals)
What hormone is required for accumulation of adipose tissue?
insulin
TNF alpha elevation is associated with …
insulin resistant (obesity, diabetes)
Epithelium types (2)
simple (one cell layer)
stratified
Epithelium cell types (4)
squamous- fat/flat
cuboidal
columnar
pyrmidal (exocrine cells)
Where is transitional epithelium found?
urothelium
Where is endothelilum?
blood and lymphatic vessels
Where is endocardium?
ventricles and atria of heart
Where is mesothelium?
closed cavities of body
What is basal domain of epithelial cells anchored onto?
connective tissue
Vascular system, body cavities, bowmans capsule, respiratory spaces EXCHANGE
- what epithelium type?
simple squamous
exocrine glands, ovary, kidney tubules, thyroid follicles
ABSORPTION
-what epithelial cell type?
simple cuboidal
small intestine, colon, stomach, gallbladder
ABSORPTION
-what epithelial cell type?
simple columnar
Trachea/bronchial tree, ductus deferens, epididymis
ABSORPTION/SECRETION/CONDUIT
-what epithelial cell type
pseudostratified
epidermis, oral cavity, esophagus, vagina
BARRIER
-what epithelium type?
stratified squamous
Sweat gland ducts, large exocrine ducts, anorectal jxn
BARRIER
-what epithelial type?
stratified cuboidal or stratified columnar
Exocrine gland types? (3)
Merocrine (secretory vesicles) (most common)
Apocrine (takes PM off with it)
Holocrine: accum and cell death release
Reasons for cell atrophy (5)
- decreased functional demand
- decreased O2 supply
- starvation/malnutrition
- decrease trophic stim
- persistent cell injury
Reasons for hypertrophy (2)
- increased functional demand
- increased growth factor stim
Mechanisms for hypertrophy:
-mechanical stretch
-agonist binding
growth factor binding
(all activate signal transduction path)
Where is sER most well developed?
cells that synthesize and secrete steroids
ex. adrenocortical, testicular leydig cells
cells thhat are involved in lippid metabolism
What is the role of sER in drug metaoblism?
detoxifiying enzymes, like CYP, are anchored to sER PM
