Diabetes

Question 0

MODY types?

Answer 0

2- glucokinase deficiency

others- delayed insulin response too gllucose

Question 1

MODY description?

Answer 1

Autosomal dominant –> dysfunctional beta cells

Question 2

MOD treatment?

Answer 2

sulfonylureas (increase intracellular Ca2+)

Question 3

What does HLA status have to diabetes?

Answer 3

Human leukocyte antigen

• 95% 3 or 4
• 3 aB against beta cells (later onset)
• 4 aB against insulin
• 2 protective

Question 4

TCF7L2 effect

Answer 4

homozygous –> doubles risk (T2DM)

Question 5

FTO effect

Answer 5

Increased obesity risk; works by modulate methylation of RNA

Question 6

EPO

Answer 6

increased risk for retinal complications

Question 7

What does acetoacetic acid have to do with diabetes?

Answer 7

ketone produced by DKA

Question 8

What does beta hydroxybutyric acid have to do with diabetes?

Answer 8

ketone produced by DKA

Question 9

What causes oxidative stress and apoptosis? what does this cause?

Answer 9

excess glucose shunting to alternative pathways

macro and microvascular problems

Question 10

Manifestations of hyperglycemia

Answer 10

Thirst, frequent urination,
blurred vision
fatigue
hunger

Question 11

Prediabetic fasting glucose? Goal for diiabetics?

Answer 11

100-125 mg/dL

goal<130

Question 12

Prediabetic OGTT? Goal?

Answer 12

140-200mg/dL

Goal <180

Question 13

Prediabetic HbA1C? Goal?

Answer 13

5.7-6.6%

<7%

Question 14

Blood pressure goal?

Answer 14

<130/80

Question 15

Goal LDL?

Answer 15

<100mg/dL

Question 16

What makes up metabolic syndrome?

Answer 16

Waist circumference
high triglycerides
low HDL
High BP
High fasting glc

Question 17

Types of insulin?

Answer 17

long acting
bolus insulin (short acting)

Question 18

What does metformin do?

Answer 18

Decreases production/output of glucose form liver

Question 19

T2DM, beta cell failure after how many years?

Answer 19

10 years after diagnosis (usu 50% fxn at diagnosis)

Question 20

Path: What color is insulin?

Answer 20

Brown yellow; stored as hexamers

Question 21

Path: what color is glucagon?

Answer 21

Red

Question 22

What are the CRHs?

Answer 22

glucagon
epinephrine
cortisol
Growth hormone

Question 23

How do you prolong incretin in treating diabetes?

Answer 23

GLP1 analogues (generally better, but nausea and subQ)
DPP4 inhibitors

Question 24

Where is GLP1 produced?

Answer 24

L cell of ileum and colon

Question 25

Where is GIP produced?

Answer 25

K cell of jejunum