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Foundations1 > Micro and Macronutrients > Flashcards

Micro and Macronutrients Flashcards

0
Q

Protein digestion in stomach?

A

Pepsinogen cleaved to pepsin at pH5 (secreted from stomach)

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1
Q

Protein recommendation daily?

A

0.8 g/kg

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2
Q

Protein digestion in duodenum?

A
  • cholecystokinin secreted –> secrete pancreatic zymogens
  • secretin releases bicarb (helps cholecystokinin)
  • Enteropeptidase cleaves trypsinogen which cleaves everything else
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3
Q

Pancreatic zymogens

A

trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase, procarboxypeptidase

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4
Q

Protein digestion in small intestine?

A

aminopeptidasee cleaves

metalloendopeptidase

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5
Q

Hartnup disease

  • mechanism
  • clinical signs
  • treatment
A
  • Defective tryptophan transport –> no nicotinamide/NAD production
  • 3D
  • Treat with niacin supplement
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6
Q

Cystinuria

  • Mechanism
  • Clinical signs
  • Treatment
A
  • defective absorption of Arg, Lys, Cys, ornithine
  • cystine stones in kidney, ureter, bladder
  • fluids, penicillamine
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7
Q

GSH and associated diseases

A

Glutathione: antioxidant (protects against FR)

GSH synthetase deficienccy and glutothionuria

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8
Q

GSH synthetase deficiency

  • cause
  • clinical signs
  • treatment
A
  • genetic
  • oxoprolinuria, GSH in urine
  • deliver bicarb to blood
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9
Q

Glutothionuria

  • mechanism
  • clinical signs
A
  • deficient g-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGP)

- excess GSH in urine

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10
Q

Essential AA

A

FILM (phe, ile, leu, met)
TV (thr, val)
WHKR (trp, his, lys, arg)

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11
Q

BV

A

Biological value
% absorbed for synthesis
DietN-UrinN-fecalN / dietN-fecalN

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12
Q

NPU

A

Net protein utilization
% for synthesis (neglecting absorption)
DietN-urinN-fecalN / dietN

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13
Q

PER

A

Protein efficiency ratio

weight gain / weight protein ingested

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14
Q

Digestibility

A

Food N absorbed

Food N - fecal N / food N

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15
Q

Chemical score

A

compare to egg protein

mg essential AA/g / mg essential AA/Egg g

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16
Q

PDCAAS

A

Measures limiting EAA

mg EAA/g / mg of prot req pattern

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17
Q

Sparing effects

A

Protein quality: nutrients filling roles of otherrs

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18
Q

PEM (what does it stand for and give examples)

A

Protein energy malnutrition
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus

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19
Q

Types of carbs

A

Available and unavailable (soluble and insoluble)

unavailable provides bulk

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20
Q

Example of insoluble fiber? Soluble fiber? noncarb fiber?

A

Insoluble- cellulose
Soluble- pectins
noncarb- lignin

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21
Q

glycemic index vs load

A

index gives ability of carb to raise blood glucose (high GI linked with diabetes

load is GI multiplied by (carb in a gram)/100

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22
Q

Essential fats?

A

Omega 3 and 6

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23
Q

Essential FA deficiency

  • mechanism
  • clinical signs
  • treatment
A
  • oleic acid elongates and accums in body with no function
  • dermatitis and growth retardation
  • linoleic acid (linolenic acid and arachidonic acid alleviate symptoms)
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24
Q

What does trans fat interfere with?

A

delta 6 desaturasee

catalyzes arachidonic acid production

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25
Q

What is an omega 3 fatty acid

A

linolenic acid

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26
Q

Six exchange groups-

A

fruit, veg, starch, milk, meat, fat

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27
Q

Vit A oxidation states

A

Retinal (aldehyde) (+NADH–> retinol; +NAD+ —> retinoic acid)
Retinol (alcohol)
Retinoic acid

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28
Q

Vit D and Ca2+ regulation

A

Low serum Ca2+ –> PTH –> increase calcitriol –> input to plasma from kidney, intestinal mucosa, bones

Excess Ca2+ –> increase calcitonin from thyroid –> store excess to bones

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29
Q

In addition to PTH, what increases calcitriol from parathyroid?

A

low phosphate levels

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30
Q

What are the toxic minerals

A

CSF did moly and arsenic

copper, selenium, fluoride, molybdenium, arsenic

31
Q

Function of selenocysteine

A

antioxidant (active site for glutathione perioxidase)
regulate thyroid fxn
immune response

32
Q

Keshan disease

  • cause
  • clinical symptom
A
  • selenium deficiency

- cardiomyopathy

33
Q

Kashin-Beck disease

  • cause
  • clinical sign
A
  • selenium deficiency

- deforming arthritis

34
Q

Myxodematous cretinism

  • cause
  • clinical sign
A
  • selenium deficiency

- MR

35
Q

Active form of vit D

A

1,25 hydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol)

36
Q

symptoms of vit A deficiency

A

xerophthalmia; skin lesions/infection, infertility, night blindness

37
Q

symptoms of vit A toxicity

A

liver problems, birth defects

38
Q

Diseases of vit D deficiency

A

rickets

osteomalacia

39
Q

symptoms of vit D toxicity

A

anorexia, atherosclerosis, cardiac myopathy

40
Q

Active form of vit E

A

alpha tocopherol

41
Q

function of vit E

A

antioxidant (PUFA)

42
Q

Symptoms of vit E deficiency

A

infertility
anemia
muscular dystrophy
nerve damage

43
Q

vit K function

A

carboxylation of glutamate

important for blood clotting and bone metab

44
Q

B1 deficiency

A

Thiamin

Beriberi; wernicke korsakoff

45
Q

B1 active form

A

(Thiamin)

TPP

46
Q

B2 deficiencyy

A

(riboflavin)

cracked stuff

47
Q

Active form of B2

A

(riboflavin)

FMN, FAD

48
Q

B3 active form

A

(Niacin)

NAD, NADP

49
Q

B3 deficiency

A

pellagra (3D)

same as tryptophan deficiency

50
Q

Biotin deficiency

A

Dermatitis (avidin from egg whites prevents absorption)

51
Q

Pantothenic acid active form

A

CoASH

52
Q

B12 activity

A

(cobalmin)
Met synthetase
Methylmalonyl CoA mutase (MCM)

53
Q

Folic acid active form

A

THF acid

54
Q

Folic acid activity

A

Met synthetase

1 Carbon transfer

55
Q

B12 deficiency

A

megaloblastic anemia

nerve damage

56
Q

Folic acid deficiency

A

megaloblastic anemia

neural tube devo

57
Q

B6 active form

A

(Pyridoxine)

pyridoxal phosphate

58
Q

B6 deficiency symptoms

A

cracked stuff

59
Q

Antibodies might cause what vitamin deficiency?

A

B12 (cobalmin)

60
Q

Which vitamin is not a real vitamin?

A

Vit D (steroid prohormone)

61
Q

Which vitamins are produced by bacteria?

A

Vit K (k2), biotin, b12

62
Q

What vit deficiency is similar to enzymatic disease?

A

B3 and hartnup disease (both lack tryptophan –>NAD) (cause pellagra 3D)

63
Q

g-glutamyltranspeptidase

A

deficient in glutothionuria (excess GSH in urine)

64
Q

glutathione

A

GSH- antioxidant, protects againt FR

65
Q

lignin

A

noncarb fiber

66
Q

Delta 6 desaturase

A

catalyzes arachidonic acid (blocked by trans fat)

67
Q

PTH

A

parathyroid hormone: increases calcitriol when Ca2+ plasma level is low

68
Q

glutothione perioxidase

A

antioxidant; active site is selenocysteine

69
Q

Chronic stress –>

A

Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) from hypothalamus –> ACTH release from pituitary –> glucorticoid release from adrenal cortex –> gene expression

70
Q

Effect of increased glucocorticoids

A

(chronic stress)

  • increased lipolysis, increased lipase expression
  • increased muscle protein degradation
  • increased gluconeogenesis in liver
71
Q

Alcohol metabolism

A
  1. convert to acetylaldehyde via ADH
  2. to acetate
  3. to acetyl coA
    generates NADH
72
Q

Heavy drinking activates?

A

MEOS: microsomal ethanol oxidizing system
requires NADPH and generates ROS
what causes liver failure

73
Q

Excess NADH from alcohol causes–>

A
  1. lactic acidosis (increased pyruvate))
  2. lactate blocks gluconeogensis –> hypoglycemia
  3. accum G3P–> hyperlipidemia
  4. block TCA –> ketoacidosis
74
Q

Nutrient requirement patterns over life cycle?

A

High fat requirement % in infancy/toddler
Higher caloric need when young
Lower protein requirement % (ut high relative to body weight) when young

Foundations1 (14 decks)

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