Micro and Macronutrients Flashcards
Protein digestion in stomach?
Pepsinogen cleaved to pepsin at pH5 (secreted from stomach)
Protein recommendation daily?
0.8 g/kg
Protein digestion in duodenum?
- cholecystokinin secreted –> secrete pancreatic zymogens
- secretin releases bicarb (helps cholecystokinin)
- Enteropeptidase cleaves trypsinogen which cleaves everything else
Pancreatic zymogens
trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase, procarboxypeptidase
Protein digestion in small intestine?
aminopeptidasee cleaves
metalloendopeptidase
Hartnup disease
- mechanism
- clinical signs
- treatment
- Defective tryptophan transport –> no nicotinamide/NAD production
- 3D
- Treat with niacin supplement
Cystinuria
- Mechanism
- Clinical signs
- Treatment
- defective absorption of Arg, Lys, Cys, ornithine
- cystine stones in kidney, ureter, bladder
- fluids, penicillamine
GSH and associated diseases
Glutathione: antioxidant (protects against FR)
GSH synthetase deficienccy and glutothionuria
GSH synthetase deficiency
- cause
- clinical signs
- treatment
- genetic
- oxoprolinuria, GSH in urine
- deliver bicarb to blood
Glutothionuria
- mechanism
- clinical signs
- deficient g-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGP)
- excess GSH in urine
Essential AA
FILM (phe, ile, leu, met)
TV (thr, val)
WHKR (trp, his, lys, arg)
BV
Biological value
% absorbed for synthesis
DietN-UrinN-fecalN / dietN-fecalN
NPU
Net protein utilization
% for synthesis (neglecting absorption)
DietN-urinN-fecalN / dietN
PER
Protein efficiency ratio
weight gain / weight protein ingested
Digestibility
Food N absorbed
Food N - fecal N / food N
Chemical score
compare to egg protein
mg essential AA/g / mg essential AA/Egg g
PDCAAS
Measures limiting EAA
mg EAA/g / mg of prot req pattern
Sparing effects
Protein quality: nutrients filling roles of otherrs
PEM (what does it stand for and give examples)
Protein energy malnutrition
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus
Types of carbs
Available and unavailable (soluble and insoluble)
unavailable provides bulk
Example of insoluble fiber? Soluble fiber? noncarb fiber?
Insoluble- cellulose
Soluble- pectins
noncarb- lignin
glycemic index vs load
index gives ability of carb to raise blood glucose (high GI linked with diabetes
load is GI multiplied by (carb in a gram)/100
Essential fats?
Omega 3 and 6
Essential FA deficiency
- mechanism
- clinical signs
- treatment
- oleic acid elongates and accums in body with no function
- dermatitis and growth retardation
- linoleic acid (linolenic acid and arachidonic acid alleviate symptoms)
What does trans fat interfere with?
delta 6 desaturasee
catalyzes arachidonic acid production
What is an omega 3 fatty acid
linolenic acid
Six exchange groups-
fruit, veg, starch, milk, meat, fat
Vit A oxidation states
Retinal (aldehyde) (+NADH–> retinol; +NAD+ —> retinoic acid)
Retinol (alcohol)
Retinoic acid
Vit D and Ca2+ regulation
Low serum Ca2+ –> PTH –> increase calcitriol –> input to plasma from kidney, intestinal mucosa, bones
Excess Ca2+ –> increase calcitonin from thyroid –> store excess to bones
In addition to PTH, what increases calcitriol from parathyroid?
low phosphate levels
What are the toxic minerals
CSF did moly and arsenic
copper, selenium, fluoride, molybdenium, arsenic
Function of selenocysteine
antioxidant (active site for glutathione perioxidase)
regulate thyroid fxn
immune response
Keshan disease
- cause
- clinical symptom
- selenium deficiency
- cardiomyopathy
Kashin-Beck disease
- cause
- clinical sign
- selenium deficiency
- deforming arthritis
Myxodematous cretinism
- cause
- clinical sign
- selenium deficiency
- MR
Active form of vit D
1,25 hydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol)
symptoms of vit A deficiency
xerophthalmia; skin lesions/infection, infertility, night blindness
symptoms of vit A toxicity
liver problems, birth defects
Diseases of vit D deficiency
rickets
osteomalacia
symptoms of vit D toxicity
anorexia, atherosclerosis, cardiac myopathy
Active form of vit E
alpha tocopherol
function of vit E
antioxidant (PUFA)
Symptoms of vit E deficiency
infertility
anemia
muscular dystrophy
nerve damage
vit K function
carboxylation of glutamate
important for blood clotting and bone metab
B1 deficiency
Thiamin
Beriberi; wernicke korsakoff
B1 active form
(Thiamin)
TPP
B2 deficiencyy
(riboflavin)
cracked stuff
Active form of B2
(riboflavin)
FMN, FAD
B3 active form
(Niacin)
NAD, NADP
B3 deficiency
pellagra (3D)
same as tryptophan deficiency
Biotin deficiency
Dermatitis (avidin from egg whites prevents absorption)
Pantothenic acid active form
CoASH
B12 activity
(cobalmin)
Met synthetase
Methylmalonyl CoA mutase (MCM)
Folic acid active form
THF acid
Folic acid activity
Met synthetase
1 Carbon transfer
B12 deficiency
megaloblastic anemia
nerve damage
Folic acid deficiency
megaloblastic anemia
neural tube devo
B6 active form
(Pyridoxine)
pyridoxal phosphate
B6 deficiency symptoms
cracked stuff
Antibodies might cause what vitamin deficiency?
B12 (cobalmin)
Which vitamin is not a real vitamin?
Vit D (steroid prohormone)
Which vitamins are produced by bacteria?
Vit K (k2), biotin, b12
What vit deficiency is similar to enzymatic disease?
B3 and hartnup disease (both lack tryptophan –>NAD) (cause pellagra 3D)
g-glutamyltranspeptidase
deficient in glutothionuria (excess GSH in urine)
glutathione
GSH- antioxidant, protects againt FR
lignin
noncarb fiber
Delta 6 desaturase
catalyzes arachidonic acid (blocked by trans fat)
PTH
parathyroid hormone: increases calcitriol when Ca2+ plasma level is low
glutothione perioxidase
antioxidant; active site is selenocysteine
Chronic stress –>
Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) from hypothalamus –> ACTH release from pituitary –> glucorticoid release from adrenal cortex –> gene expression
Effect of increased glucocorticoids
(chronic stress)
- increased lipolysis, increased lipase expression
- increased muscle protein degradation
- increased gluconeogenesis in liver
Alcohol metabolism
- convert to acetylaldehyde via ADH
- to acetate
- to acetyl coA
generates NADH
Heavy drinking activates?
MEOS: microsomal ethanol oxidizing system
requires NADPH and generates ROS
what causes liver failure
Excess NADH from alcohol causes–>
- lactic acidosis (increased pyruvate))
- lactate blocks gluconeogensis –> hypoglycemia
- accum G3P–> hyperlipidemia
- block TCA –> ketoacidosis
Nutrient requirement patterns over life cycle?
High fat requirement % in infancy/toddler
Higher caloric need when young
Lower protein requirement % (ut high relative to body weight) when young
