Miss Jones EQ3 Flashcards
Role of national govt
- responsible considering lvls inequality across country
- disparity between places doesn’t aid overall development
- N-S divide must then be overcome
- spending infrastructure London=£2595/person/yr compared NE=£5
- trying overcome by creating ‘northern powerhouse’ where infrastructure connect industrial cities NEw/NW
Govt play key role unequal regional growth by managing country’s econ, soc+ environ what is regional growth+projects+privatisation
- reg growth=determined by infrastructure development as inv infrastructure +addressing issues accessibility=major factors maintains econ growth
- projects:high cost+longevity
- since 1980s increasing privatisation+ partnership-govt+private financiers-used design build+finance+/maintain public sector asset in return long-term payments/profit from initial revenue generated
Infrastructure
Basic physical systems of a place:
- econ infrastructure includes highways, energy distribution, water+ sewage facilities+ telecommunications networks
- soc infrastructure include public housing, hospitals, skls+ unis
CS HS2 UK
High speed link(up to 400km/hr)2 phases: Ldn Euston+ Birmingham Curzon street, lead NW-Manchester+NE-Leeds
HS2 benefits
- important reg growth W/accessibility to N, work on train unlike car+cutting travel London-Birmingham 80-49mins
- reducing domestic air travel+ carbon emissions
- est 60,000jobs created
- against all govt policies since 1945 focusing expanding roads W/ some most congested roads EU, govt report 2008by 2025road congestion cost UK £22bn/yr lost time
- worst congestion econ core Ldn=SE Eng extending Brum+Manchester via M6+ Leeds via M1, road building programme not able keep up pace W/growing vehicle use
- rail>road efficiency transport bulk gds-gd business+ reliable econ
- give EU’s railways competition
- help bridge N-S divide+benefit ordinary ppl
HS2 problems
- train passenger traffic highest ever lvl 2002-3->2014 total rail passenger journeys increase 1.65bn some rail routes close capacity
- no intermediate stops W/no help in countryside-bad for communities affected +affection Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB
- not right inv money? NHS, older ppl home care+support, pensions under threat
- not benefit ordinary traveller?+not as many benefit as promised?
Impact UK govt on potential growth+positives
-1986 UK’s financial sector deregulated-new era prosperity financial sector
+transformed UK econ now banking, finance+business services=30% GDP compared 15.5% 1986
+London Docklands regeneration created space for these expanding financial institutions set up lrg offices Canary Wharf
Negative impact UK govt on potential growth
-financial regulations tighter now=harder banks make risky business inv-HSBC threatened to leave
EU free labour movement positives
- helped regeneration local areas e.g. Corby benefitted many businesses+ poverty+antisocial behaviour 1/2since 2006
- helped balance UK’s ageing pop thru increased tax revenue
- 2004+8 E EU+2 2007 including Poles-now 2nd largest ethnic minority UK
EU free labour movement negatives
-controversial for some W/immigration
Fracking (controversial decision)
- Process drilling into earth before high-pressure water mixture directed at rock to release gas inside, water, sand+chemical injected into rocks at high pressure-allows gas flow out of head
- sites mainly Midlands+ N Eng W/some S+E Scotland
- Peak District+ S downs most affected as closest fracking g areas but mainly midlands+Lancashire affected
Econ reasons/ impacts fracking
- around 70% gas UK have to be imported by 2020
- reduce need imported (energy security)
- Provides natural gas-can be sold but as unconventional costly source
- size UK reserves unknown est British Bio Survey 2012 known reserves not even provide 1yrs supply, drilling increase yet public more opposed than any other energy source
Soc impacts fracking
- v noisy
- can pollute drinking water w/carcinogenic chemicals escaping- nearby groundwater sources
- can-reduction house prices
Environ impact fracking
- uses huge amounts water must be transported-site
- building site sometimes destroys wildlife
- can pollute water sources
- conflicts W/landscapes of value e.g. National parks Dec 2015 MP’s voted allow drill underneath protected areas from their boundaries
Housing affordability
- since 1980s lots soc rented housing stock lost thru Right to Buy scheme leaving shortage suitable properties those low incomes
- nationally housing shortages driven up house prices relation earnings e.g. Cornwall 12-16x avg income demand low-cost soc housing increase 40% 2010-11 Cornwall
House building targets
- SW Eng needs housing report 2014 +27,000homes that yr only 16,100 built essential to regeneration so ppl live there+ work
- rapidly increasing pop W/increasing immigration+birth rates
- overseas inv buy up property safe inv especially Ldn+then leave unoccupied increasing need extra housing
- increasing no. households high divorce rates-more housing needed as household divided up+become smaller
Science park
An area devoted to scientific research/development of tech businesses, gd for an area due inv attracted (as strong competition local authorities create attractive business environ for inv+workers suing incentives attract+increase rep)
Oxford+ Cambridge=
Multiple stakeholders local area+must be governed local councils ensure regeneration meets needs local businesses+takes advantage local talent
Cambridge science park
Attracted start up co’s+ lrg TNCs W/mix as Toshiba, Microsoft+ Astra Zeneca
Oxford science park
- Attracted many start up bioscience+ computer hard+software co’s
- helped council replace Victorian+post-war buildings W/new ones
- attracted new £500m shopping centre for young ppl+ 2nd railway line-Ldn
When regeneration occurs no. different players involved often W/differing interests+aims, local interest groups play varying roles, often tensions between groups some want change others preserve-categorised by viewpoint
-socio-economic (youth+retirement groups, trade unions e.g. views on addiction treatment centres)
-environmental (local conservation or preservation societies in rural+ urban areas)
-areas W/affluent retirees have more vocal+ mobilised local interest groups
Major regeneration projects need cooperation local interest groups, local councils generally responsible successful+ working W/ different groups
Re-branding
- Making changes to a place to alter ppl’s ideas of it as a place
- e.g.NY “city that never sleeps”-“big apple”slogans-change image
- to be successful must have regeneration+re-imaging
Re-imaging
- Ad changes impression held
- overall idea “sell”place to customers so scheme will vary according target group
- e.g. Tenby Wales og huge venue, stag/hen dos location, by National Parks+ ad uses attract different types tourists+ night clubs advised close- reduce lvls stag/hen dos
Urban rebranding Titanic Quarter (Belfast) (urban areas likely take advantage Victorian industrial heritage as in Uk place identity key competent successful regeneration)
- prev famous ship building+deindustrialised less demand+ limited inv outside-decline industry-regeneration needed
- £4.9m project transform former Harland+Wolff headquarters-4*hotels shows continuing demand regeneration
- 2Harland+Wolff gantry cranes=still in use as old dry docks= now used construct offshore wind turbines
- older ‘Paint Halls’ found new use film studios W/GoT
- Short Brothers factory now owned Bombardier continue build wings aircraft on site, Belfast City Airport redeveloped+ linked more closely W/Belfast City Centre?
- no. co’s stated inv area Audi, Premier Inn+ Public Records Office for N Ireland, N Ireland science park nearby begun grow again W/Citi+ Intel inv IT+software industry raising aspirations Young enrolling Belfast Metropolitan College
- more jobs but demand flats now outstrips supply
- 2015 Deloitte’s evaluation+ £105m tourism+ 893jobs sustaining
- now 1 EU’s largest waterfront developments historic maritime landmarks, luxury shops, post modern workspace architecture+ uni campus ‘Titanic Belfast’ visitor centre welcoming 1m visitors in 1st yr opening 70%outside N Ireland
Rural Rebranding Brontë Country (W Yorkshire+ E Lancashire Pennines) (Haworth)(historical+ literary references)
- demand regeneration reliant tourism experience bleakness+desolation inspired books e.g. Wuthering Heights+ Jane Eyre by Brontë sisters, Keighley Bus museum+ Worth Valley Railway, Pennine Bridleway-outdoor activities need diversification
- industrial village Saltaire designated UNESCO world heritage site
- agriculture econ changed considerably since 1990s W/concern over inflated production+environ impact intensification shift in focus rural development W/support ecosystem services+ preserved cultural landscapes
- (rebrand)some farms taken advantage EU grants+ subsides diversify land use+create specialised products e.g. Skipbridge Farm now successful wedding venue, offering creative+ bespoke weddings incorporating small animal holding bed+breakfast, cottages, ‘glamping’ tents
- route literary tourism W/Fair Trade Way links Fair trade Way Links Fair trade villages+ towns Bradford taking visitors thru countryside+ historical sites Brontë sisters books
- impacts creates more jobs+income from diversifying W/‘multifunctional’ land use farms
- drawbacks seasonal tourism most yr places aren’t busy short-term work
- agriculture still main contributor econ
- environ bad as pollution from tourists travelling
Place identity
1st impression, main focus, significant/ insignificant, more detail, bigger picture, wider implications might miss at 1st, filter/perspective, other view, changes
Aylesbury vale district council different local interest groups
- council+ Bucks Chamber of Commerce agree as they want facilitate growth
- Bucks Herald Printing Press+ Aylesbury society agree as both don’t want redevelopment as printing press building replaced+ society don’t want loss historic buildings
- Waitrose, Nando’s, GBK+Environ agency disagree as 2.2% increase footfall- more damage environ altho wanted redevelopment for better surrounding area
- council+Buck’s new uni agree-1st tertiary education provider in town
Olympic park (Queen Elizabeth, Ldn URBAN)
- following Olympic+Paralympic games 2012 sports-led
- og sporting complexes still there, village converted 2,800flats+ apartments
- Stratford’s Westfield shopping centre (attracting more business+ tourists), int+reg train stations
- 7,000homes on edge+offices eventually creating 25,000new jobs
- extensive cycle+walking trail+to use leisure+ sporting facilities promote healthier environ benefitting Transport for Ldn+ Financial Conduct Authority- plan have offices in park (better for workers)
- less unemployed 2012-13%->2015-9%+ plans opening museum+ 2uni campuses benefitting footfall Westfield’s etc
Powys Regeneration Partnership (Machynlleth, Rhayader, Llandrindod Wells RURAL N+S Wales Public+private rural diversification)
- skills shortage, out migration Young+business owners, Low wage econ agriculture dependent on weather
- EU structural funds used encourage more competitive businesses grow
- est transition towns based loyalty cards+currency encourage spend
- harnessing local talent+skill
- better inv ICT Carmarthenshire Community Broadband Partnership installing 2broadband masts address black spots
- ‘Powys Connections’ programmes provide advice+grant funding micro businesses wishing specialise ICT services
- Cambrian Mountain Initiative+ Eco Dyfi initiatives encouraging carbon storage+water regulation
- Green Inv Bank making £1bn finance available R+D: £200m low-carbon tech+£860m incentives encourage renewable heat+ plans spend £30m improving energy-efficiency of housing stocks
- supports locally produced gds+services protecting uniqueness+ rejuvenating local chamber of commerce
- harness local talent+skill, reverse out migration Young ppl+business owners owners making home working more realistic+encourage small businesses diversify rural econ
- environ benefits plans Green Inv Bank+ helping skill shortage, also more green tourism+industries
