Miss Jones EQ3

Question 1

Role of national govt

Answer 1

• responsible considering lvls inequality across country
• disparity between places doesn’t aid overall development
• N-S divide must then be overcome
• spending infrastructure London=£2595/person/yr compared NE=£5
• trying overcome by creating ‘northern powerhouse’ where infrastructure connect industrial cities NEw/NW

Question 2

Govt play key role unequal regional growth by managing country’s econ, soc+ environ what is regional growth+projects+privatisation

Answer 2

• reg growth=determined by infrastructure development as inv infrastructure +addressing issues accessibility=major factors maintains econ growth
• projects:high cost+longevity
• since 1980s increasing privatisation+ partnership-govt+private financiers-used design build+finance+/maintain public sector asset in return long-term payments/profit from initial revenue generated

Question 3

Infrastructure

Answer 3

Basic physical systems of a place:

• econ infrastructure includes highways, energy distribution, water+ sewage facilities+ telecommunications networks
• soc infrastructure include public housing, hospitals, skls+ unis

Question 4

CS HS2 UK

Answer 4

High speed link(up to 400km/hr)2 phases: Ldn Euston+ Birmingham Curzon street, lead NW-Manchester+NE-Leeds

Question 5

HS2 benefits

Answer 5

• important reg growth W/accessibility to N, work on train unlike car+cutting travel London-Birmingham 80-49mins
• reducing domestic air travel+ carbon emissions
• est 60,000jobs created
• against all govt policies since 1945 focusing expanding roads W/ some most congested roads EU, govt report 2008by 2025road congestion cost UK £22bn/yr lost time
• worst congestion econ core Ldn=SE Eng extending Brum+Manchester via M6+ Leeds via M1, road building programme not able keep up pace W/growing vehicle use
• rail>road efficiency transport bulk gds-gd business+ reliable econ
• give EU’s railways competition
• help bridge N-S divide+benefit ordinary ppl

Question 6

HS2 problems

Answer 6

• train passenger traffic highest ever lvl 2002-3->2014 total rail passenger journeys increase 1.65bn some rail routes close capacity
• no intermediate stops W/no help in countryside-bad for communities affected +affection Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB
• not right inv money? NHS, older ppl home care+support, pensions under threat
• not benefit ordinary traveller?+not as many benefit as promised?

Question 7

Impact UK govt on potential growth+positives

Answer 7

-1986 UK’s financial sector deregulated-new era prosperity financial sector
+transformed UK econ now banking, finance+business services=30% GDP compared 15.5% 1986
+London Docklands regeneration created space for these expanding financial institutions set up lrg offices Canary Wharf

Question 8

Negative impact UK govt on potential growth

Answer 8

-financial regulations tighter now=harder banks make risky business inv-HSBC threatened to leave

Question 9

EU free labour movement positives

Answer 9

• helped regeneration local areas e.g. Corby benefitted many businesses+ poverty+antisocial behaviour 1/2since 2006
• helped balance UK’s ageing pop thru increased tax revenue
• 2004+8 E EU+2 2007 including Poles-now 2nd largest ethnic minority UK

Question 10

EU free labour movement negatives

Answer 10

-controversial for some W/immigration

Question 11

Fracking (controversial decision)

Answer 11

• Process drilling into earth before high-pressure water mixture directed at rock to release gas inside, water, sand+chemical injected into rocks at high pressure-allows gas flow out of head
• sites mainly Midlands+ N Eng W/some S+E Scotland
• Peak District+ S downs most affected as closest fracking g areas but mainly midlands+Lancashire affected

Question 12

Econ reasons/ impacts fracking

Answer 12

• around 70% gas UK have to be imported by 2020
• reduce need imported (energy security)
• Provides natural gas-can be sold but as unconventional costly source
• size UK reserves unknown est British Bio Survey 2012 known reserves not even provide 1yrs supply, drilling increase yet public more opposed than any other energy source

Question 13

Soc impacts fracking

Answer 13

• v noisy
• can pollute drinking water w/carcinogenic chemicals escaping- nearby groundwater sources
• can-reduction house prices

Question 14

Environ impact fracking

Answer 14

• uses huge amounts water must be transported-site
• building site sometimes destroys wildlife
• can pollute water sources
• conflicts W/landscapes of value e.g. National parks Dec 2015 MP’s voted allow drill underneath protected areas from their boundaries

Question 15

Housing affordability

Answer 15

• since 1980s lots soc rented housing stock lost thru Right to Buy scheme leaving shortage suitable properties those low incomes
• nationally housing shortages driven up house prices relation earnings e.g. Cornwall 12-16x avg income demand low-cost soc housing increase 40% 2010-11 Cornwall

Question 16

House building targets

Answer 16

• SW Eng needs housing report 2014 +27,000homes that yr only 16,100 built essential to regeneration so ppl live there+ work
• rapidly increasing pop W/increasing immigration+birth rates
• overseas inv buy up property safe inv especially Ldn+then leave unoccupied increasing need extra housing
• increasing no. households high divorce rates-more housing needed as household divided up+become smaller

Question 17

Science park

Answer 17

An area devoted to scientific research/development of tech businesses, gd for an area due inv attracted (as strong competition local authorities create attractive business environ for inv+workers suing incentives attract+increase rep)

Question 18

Oxford+ Cambridge=

Answer 18

Multiple stakeholders local area+must be governed local councils ensure regeneration meets needs local businesses+takes advantage local talent

Question 19

Cambridge science park

Answer 19

Attracted start up co’s+ lrg TNCs W/mix as Toshiba, Microsoft+ Astra Zeneca

Question 20

Oxford science park

Answer 20

• Attracted many start up bioscience+ computer hard+software co’s
• helped council replace Victorian+post-war buildings W/new ones
• attracted new £500m shopping centre for young ppl+ 2nd railway line-Ldn

Question 21

When regeneration occurs no. different players involved often W/differing interests+aims, local interest groups play varying roles, often tensions between groups some want change others preserve-categorised by viewpoint

Answer 21

-socio-economic (youth+retirement groups, trade unions e.g. views on addiction treatment centres)
-environmental (local conservation or preservation societies in rural+ urban areas)
-areas W/affluent retirees have more vocal+ mobilised local interest groups
Major regeneration projects need cooperation local interest groups, local councils generally responsible successful+ working W/ different groups

Question 22

Re-branding

Answer 22

• Making changes to a place to alter ppl’s ideas of it as a place
• e.g.NY “city that never sleeps”-“big apple”slogans-change image
• to be successful must have regeneration+re-imaging

Question 23

Re-imaging

Answer 23

• Ad changes impression held
• overall idea “sell”place to customers so scheme will vary according target group
• e.g. Tenby Wales og huge venue, stag/hen dos location, by National Parks+ ad uses attract different types tourists+ night clubs advised close- reduce lvls stag/hen dos

Question 24

Urban rebranding Titanic Quarter (Belfast) (urban areas likely take advantage Victorian industrial heritage as in Uk place identity key competent successful regeneration)

Answer 24

• prev famous ship building+deindustrialised less demand+ limited inv outside-decline industry-regeneration needed
• £4.9m project transform former Harland+Wolff headquarters-4*hotels shows continuing demand regeneration
• 2Harland+Wolff gantry cranes=still in use as old dry docks= now used construct offshore wind turbines
• older ‘Paint Halls’ found new use film studios W/GoT
• Short Brothers factory now owned Bombardier continue build wings aircraft on site, Belfast City Airport redeveloped+ linked more closely W/Belfast City Centre?
• no. co’s stated inv area Audi, Premier Inn+ Public Records Office for N Ireland, N Ireland science park nearby begun grow again W/Citi+ Intel inv IT+software industry raising aspirations Young enrolling Belfast Metropolitan College
• more jobs but demand flats now outstrips supply
• 2015 Deloitte’s evaluation+ £105m tourism+ 893jobs sustaining
• now 1 EU’s largest waterfront developments historic maritime landmarks, luxury shops, post modern workspace architecture+ uni campus ‘Titanic Belfast’ visitor centre welcoming 1m visitors in 1st yr opening 70%outside N Ireland

Question 25

Rural Rebranding Brontë Country (W Yorkshire+ E Lancashire Pennines) (Haworth)(historical+ literary references)

Answer 25

• demand regeneration reliant tourism experience bleakness+desolation inspired books e.g. Wuthering Heights+ Jane Eyre by Brontë sisters, Keighley Bus museum+ Worth Valley Railway, Pennine Bridleway-outdoor activities need diversification
• industrial village Saltaire designated UNESCO world heritage site
• agriculture econ changed considerably since 1990s W/concern over inflated production+environ impact intensification shift in focus rural development W/support ecosystem services+ preserved cultural landscapes
• (rebrand)some farms taken advantage EU grants+ subsides diversify land use+create specialised products e.g. Skipbridge Farm now successful wedding venue, offering creative+ bespoke weddings incorporating small animal holding bed+breakfast, cottages, ‘glamping’ tents
• route literary tourism W/Fair Trade Way links Fair trade Way Links Fair trade villages+ towns Bradford taking visitors thru countryside+ historical sites Brontë sisters books
• impacts creates more jobs+income from diversifying W/‘multifunctional’ land use farms
• drawbacks seasonal tourism most yr places aren’t busy short-term work
• agriculture still main contributor econ
• environ bad as pollution from tourists travelling

Question 26

Place identity

Answer 26

1st impression, main focus, significant/ insignificant, more detail, bigger picture, wider implications might miss at 1st, filter/perspective, other view, changes

Question 27

Aylesbury vale district council different local interest groups

Answer 27

• council+ Bucks Chamber of Commerce agree as they want facilitate growth
• Bucks Herald Printing Press+ Aylesbury society agree as both don’t want redevelopment as printing press building replaced+ society don’t want loss historic buildings
• Waitrose, Nando’s, GBK+Environ agency disagree as 2.2% increase footfall- more damage environ altho wanted redevelopment for better surrounding area
• council+Buck’s new uni agree-1st tertiary education provider in town

Question 28

Olympic park (Queen Elizabeth, Ldn URBAN)

Answer 28

• following Olympic+Paralympic games 2012 sports-led
• og sporting complexes still there, village converted 2,800flats+ apartments
• Stratford’s Westfield shopping centre (attracting more business+ tourists), int+reg train stations
• 7,000homes on edge+offices eventually creating 25,000new jobs
• extensive cycle+walking trail+to use leisure+ sporting facilities promote healthier environ benefitting Transport for Ldn+ Financial Conduct Authority- plan have offices in park (better for workers)
• less unemployed 2012-13%->2015-9%+ plans opening museum+ 2uni campuses benefitting footfall Westfield’s etc

Question 29

Powys Regeneration Partnership (Machynlleth, Rhayader, Llandrindod Wells RURAL N+S Wales Public+private rural diversification)

Answer 29

• skills shortage, out migration Young+business owners, Low wage econ agriculture dependent on weather
• EU structural funds used encourage more competitive businesses grow
• est transition towns based loyalty cards+currency encourage spend
• harnessing local talent+skill
• better inv ICT Carmarthenshire Community Broadband Partnership installing 2broadband masts address black spots
• ‘Powys Connections’ programmes provide advice+grant funding micro businesses wishing specialise ICT services
• Cambrian Mountain Initiative+ Eco Dyfi initiatives encouraging carbon storage+water regulation
• Green Inv Bank making £1bn finance available R+D: £200m low-carbon tech+£860m incentives encourage renewable heat+ plans spend £30m improving energy-efficiency of housing stocks
• supports locally produced gds+services protecting uniqueness+ rejuvenating local chamber of commerce
• harness local talent+skill, reverse out migration Young ppl+business owners owners making home working more realistic+encourage small businesses diversify rural econ
• environ benefits plans Green Inv Bank+ helping skill shortage, also more green tourism+industries